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Cellular Respiration

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Title: Cellular Respiration


1
Cellular Respiration
http//www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/biol
ogy/chapter6section1.rhtml
2
Cellular Respiration
  • The process by which the mitochondria breaks down
    glucose to produce ATP is called cellular
    respiration.

C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O
3
Cellular Respiration
  • When the body has oxygen, aerobic respiration can
    take place and produce 38 energy molecules.
  • There are 3 stages of aerobic respiration
  • Glycolysis
  • Citric acid cycle
  • Electron transport chain

4
Glycolysis
  • Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the
    cell.

5
Glycolysis
  • Glycolysis is the process where glucose is broken
    down in 2 pyruvic acid molecules. Pyruvic acid
    is a 3 carbon molecule.
  • The net gain of ATP molecules in glycolysis is 2
    ATP molecules.

4 -2 2
6
Glycolysis
  • Following glycolysis, the pyruvic acid moves into
    the mitochondria.

7
The Citric Acid Cycle
AKA Krebs cycle
  • The Krebs cycle takes place in the MATRIX!
  • Pyruvic acid enters the citric acid cycle and
    becomes broken down. As this occurs, 2 carbon
    dioxide molecules are released.
  • In addition, 2 ATP molecules are released.
  • Electron carriers such as FAD and NAD are used to
    pick up energized electrons and pass them to the
    ETC.

8
(No Transcript)
9
In a nutshell
FYI Flavin adenine dinucleotide Nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide
10
The Electron Transport Chain
  • The last step of respiration is the electron
    transport chain or ETC.
  • It takes place in the inner membrane space.
  • In the presence of oxygen, the electron transport
    chain will produce 32 ATP molecules and water.
  • The grand total of ATP molecules released from
    AEROBIC respiration is 36.

36
36
38
38
11
Electron Transport Chain
  • Electron carriers NADH and FADH2 release the
    Hydrogen ions across the membrane. This creates
    a concentration gradient.
  • When oxygen enters the ETC, it becomes the final
    electron acceptor of the Hydrogens and creates
    H2O.
  • As the hydrogen ions come back across the
    membrane, ADP is converted into ATP.

BEST and SIMPLE http//www.science.smith.edu/depa
rtments/Biology/Bio231/etc.html
http//vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/etc/movie
.htm http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007243
7316/student_view0/chapter9/animations.html
12
Electron Transport Chain
  • Electron carriers NADH and FADH release the
    Hydrogen ions to proteins to cross the membrane.
    This creates a concentration gradient.
  • When oxygen enters the ETC, it becomes the final
    electron acceptor of the Hydrogen ions and
    creates H2O.
  • As the hydrogen ions come back across the
    membrane, ADP is converted into ATP.

13
THE BIG PICTURE
14
Anaerobic Respiration
AKA Fermentation
  • There are times when cells are without oxygen for
    a short period of time. When this happens,
    anaerobic respiration is taking place.
  • In anaerobic respiration, the first 2 steps of
    respiration will take place however, the ETC
    will not take place.
  • The grand total of ATP molecules released will be
    4.

15
Types of Anaerobic Respiration
  • When our cells run out of oxygen and begin
    fermentation, we build up lactic acid. That
    lactic acid build up in the muscle makes us feel
    a cramp.
  • C6H12O6 ? ATP lactic acid

Lactic Acid Fermentation
16
Types of Anaerobic Respiration
  • Some bacteria also undergo fermentation. They
    release ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.
  • C6H12O6 ? ATP CO2 ethyl alcohol
  • This process is key for the bacteria that create
    wine and apple juice.

Alcoholic Fermentation
17
Types of Anaerobic Respiration
  • Yeast also undergo this type of fermentation when
    making bread.

18
Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration
Respiration
Photosynthesis
  • Glucose made
  • Light energy required
  • ATP broken down in 2nd phase of p.s.
  • CO2 taken in
  • O2 released
  • Needs water
  • Takes place in chloroplast
  • Takes place in autotrophs
  • Glucose broken down
  • Light is not required
  • Energy created in ATP
  • CO2 released
  • O2 taken in
  • Water released
  • Takes place in mitochondria
  • Takes place in all organisms
  • Require use of ATP molecules
  • Take place in plants
  • Necessary to sustain all life on earth
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