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Radionuclide Regulations, Treatment and Affordability

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Title: Radionuclide Regulations, Treatment and Affordability


1
Radionuclide Regulations, Treatment and
Affordability
  • Anthony E. Bennett, R.S.Texas Commission on
    Environmental QualityWater Supply Division

2
Introduction
  • Rules Schedule
  • Radionuclides
  • Gross Alpha
  • Radium 226 and 228
  • Uranium
  • Gross Beta
  • Treatment
  • Costs

3
Rules Adoption
Public Water System Rule Schedule
EPA Initiated Rules
DWSRF
IMR
PMR
Sulfate
SWA
Feb-99
Cap Dev -New
Sep-99
Cap Dev-Existing
Sep-00
Op Cert
Aug-00
CCR
Aug-00
PWS Def
Aug-00
IESWTR
Dec-00
DBP-1
Rules
Dec-00
Unreg Cont
Aug-01
Lead/Copper
Sep-01
Public Not
Dec-01
Rad-Chem
Dec-02
Arsenic
Jan-03
Backwash
Jun-03
LT1
Nov-03
Six Year Review

CCL Determination

Radon
Nov-05
GWR
SDWA Ammended
Aug-05
1996
DBP-2
May-06
LT2
May-06
New MCLs
Aug-06
Aug-94
Aug-95
Aug-96
Aug-97
Aug-98
Aug-99
Aug-00
Aug-01
Aug-02
Aug-03
Aug-04
Aug-05
Aug-06
Dates
Comment on EPA proposal
Develop Plans After EPA Guidance
EPA Review Comments - Final Rule
December 9, 2002
TNRCC Prepare and Propose Rule
TNRCC Prepare Final Rule
4
Existing Radionuclide Rules
  • Gross Alpha 15 pCi/L
  • Radium 226 and 228 5pCi/L
  • Gross Beta 4 mrem/yr

5
Radionuclides
  • (except Radon)
  • EPA published NODA on April 21, 2000
  • Maintain current 5 pCi/L for Ra 226/228
  • Maintain current 15 pCi/L for Gross Alpha
  • Three options for Uranium MCL at 20, 40 and 80
    pCi/L
  • December 7, 2000
  • final regs on radium, uranium, alpha, and beta

6
Radionuclides Schedule
  • TCEQ Propose Rules
  • May 2004
  • TCEQ Final Rules
  • December 2004
  • Federal Effective Date
  • December 2003
  • TCEQ Effective Date
  • January 2004

7
Proposed Radionuclide MCLs
  • Gross Alpha
  • 15 pCi/l - 94 violations
  • Radium 226 228
  • 5 pCi/l - 94 violations
  • Uranium
  • 30 pCi/l - 23 violations
  • Radon
  • 300 pCi/l - 850 violations
  • 4000 pCi/l - 50 Violations

8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
Compliance Options
  • New/Different Water Source
  • Managing Existing Sources
  • Developing New Sources
  • Purchasing water
  • Treatment

11
Treatment for Radionuclides
  • Demineralization
  • Ion Exchange
  • Lime Softening

12
Demineralization
  • Membrane process that removes a percent of most
    soluble inorganics
  • Produces a Reject stream of concentrated
    contaminants

13
Ion Exchange
  • Resin adsorption process which exchanges one
    cation for another
  • Produces a Regeneration stream of high levels
    of salt and concentrated contaminants

14
Lime Softening
  • High pH precipitation and removal process
  • Produces a Lime Sludge which includes
    concentrated contaminants

15
No Discharge Contaminant Specific Resins
  • Essentially an Ion Exchange process which has a
    long life
  • Produces no onsite discharge or waste
  • Resin is removed when spent and replaced with
    new media

16
Residuals Management
  • Liquid Residuals
  • Can
  • Discharge to environment
  • Must meet effluent standards (60/60/300)
  • Discharge to Sewage Collection System
  • Must meet effluent standards (600/600/3000)
  • Non Commercial Class I injection well
  • Cant
  • Residuals above effluent standards
  • Commercial Class I well

17
Residuals Management
  • Solid Residuals
  • Can
  • Out of State Licensed NORM Facility
  • Cant
  • In State NORM Waste Facility
  • In State Class I NORM injection well

18
Treatment Costs
  • Capital Costs
  • Operation and Maintenance Costs
  • Residuals Management Costs

19
Treatment Costs
  • Surveyed Water systems or applied models
  • Cost Range (Per Connection)
  • 1 per month for managing existing sources
  • 140 per month for small water system RO
    treatment
  • New Treatment Technologies in the range of 10 to
    25 per month per Connection

20
Conclusions
  • Radionuclides are naturally Occurring in Parts of
    Texas
  • Radionuclide regulations have recently been
    revised
  • New Regulations will create more violations
  • Several Compliance Options
  • Treatment options Limited by residuals management
    options and costs
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