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Joints

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Chapter 9 Joints Objectives Be able to define an articulation and arthrology Know the four main categories of articulations and their sub categories Understand how a ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Joints


1
Joints
  • Chapter 9

2
Objectives
  • Be able to define an articulation and arthrology
  • Know the four main categories of articulations
    and their sub categories
  • Understand how a lever works and what mechanical
    advantage is
  • Be able to describe selected joints of the body

3
Articulations
  • Any point where two bones meet
  • Arthrology
  • Science of joint structure, function, and
    dysfunction
  • Classified into four main categories
  • Bony
  • Synostosis
  • Immovable joint formed when two separate bones
    fuse to form one
  • Ex. Frontal, mandible, epiphyseal line
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial

4
Fibrous
  • Synarthrosis
  • Adjacent bones bound by collagen fibers that
    penetrate into both bones
  • Three kinds
  • Sutures
  • Serrate, lap, and plane
  • Gomphoses
  • Teeth in socket
  • Syndesmoses
  • Bones held by longer collagen fibers that allow
    for a greater range of motion
  • Interosseous membrane between ulna and radius

pc.maricopa.edu
5
Cartilaginous
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Two bones are linked by cartilage
  • Two types
  • Synchondroses
  • Bones joined by hyaline cartilage
  • Epiphyseal discs
  • Symphysis
  • Bones are joined by fibrocartilage
  • Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

6
Synovial Joints
  • Diarthrosis
  • Articulation of bones surrounded by a joint
    capsule
  • Articular hyaline cartilage at ends of bones
  • Synovial fluid
  • Articular disc and meniscus
  • Bursa and tendon sheaths
  • Exhibit the widest range of motion

zoology.ubc.ca
7
Lever Systems
  • Enhance speed or power of limb movements
  • Rigid, elongated object that pivots on a fixed
    point called the fulcrum
  • forces resistance and effort
  • Long bones and joints
  • Mechanical advantage
  • Ratio of output force to input force
  • MA LE/LR
  • Lever can provide one of two types of advantages
  • Exert more force on the object than what is being
    applied to the lever
  • Move the resistance arm farther or faster than
    the effort arm

8
Lever Systems
  • Mechanical advantage
  • If gt 1.0
  • Lever produces more force, but less speed and
    distance, than force applied to it
  • High mechanical advantage, high power
  • If lt 1.0
  • Lever produces more speed or distance, less force
    than force applied to it
  • Low mechanical advantage, low power

9
Types of Levers
10
Classes of Synovial Joints
  • Six types based on shape of articular surface and
    degree of mobility
  • Ball and socket
  • Shoulder and hip joints
  • Wide range of motion
  • Condylar (ellipsoid)
  • Radiocarpel joint, metacarpophalangeal
  • Saddle
  • Trapezialmetacarpal joint
  • Sternoclavicular joint
  • Plane (gliding)
  • Carpals and tarsals, vertebral articular
    processes
  • Hinge
  • Knee and elbow
  • Pivot
  • Atlantoaxial and radioulnar joints

iupucbio2.iupui.edu
11
Movements of Synovial Joints
  • Flexion and extension
  • Abduction and adduction
  • Elevation and depression
  • Protractions and retraction
  • Circumduction
  • Rotation
  • Pronation and supination

12
The Shoulder Joint
  • Glenohumoral joint
  • Shallow joint, allows wide range of motion
  • Glenoid labrum
  • Tendon of long head of bicep brachii
  • Rotator cuff
  • Tendons of muscles
  • Five principal ligaments
  • Glenohumeral (3)
  • Coracohumeral
  • Transverse humeral

aftabphysio.blogspot.com
aidmypain.com
13
The Knee Joint
  • Tibiofemoral joint
  • Two intracapsular ligaments
  • Acl, pcl
  • Two extracapsular ligaments
  • Lateral collateral, medial collateral
  • Two menisci
  • Lateral and medial

badknees.net
14
(No Transcript)
15
The Ankle Joint
  • Talocrural joint
  • Two articulations
  • Tibia and talus
  • Fibula and talus
  • Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
  • Binds tibia to fibula
  • Medial (deltoid) ligament
  • Binds tibia to foot
  • Lateral (collateral) ligaments
  • Bind fibula to foot

medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com
16
cedars-sinai.edu
chiropractic-books.com
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