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Anatomy & Physiology L3 Integumentary System – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Anatomy%20


1
  • Anatomy Physiology L3Integumentary System

2
Integumentary System
  • I. Overview General structure composed
    of epidermis and a dermis, separated by a
    basement membrane with a subcutaneous layer
    underneath

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  • General Function (5)
  • 1.protective covering
  • 2.regulate body temp
  • 3.houses sensory receptors
  • 4.synthesizes various chemicals
  • 5.excretes wastes

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II. Epidermis layer
  • Layers (5) of avascular stratified squamous tissue

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  • 1. stratum corneum composed of dead epidermal
    cells, fully keratanized (most superficial)
  • 2. stratum lucidium in the thickened skin of
    palms and soles. Contains transparent protein
    resembling keratin.

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  • 3. stratum granulosum contain granules in the
    cells cytoplasm which die and become
    keratinized.
  • 4. stratum spinosum a thick layer of tiny fibers
    in the cytoplasm (spiny when pulled apart)
  • 5. stratum basale (basal layer) cells undergoing
    mitosis

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Keratinization
  • Strands of tough, fibrous, waterproof keratin
    proteins are synthesized and stored in cells
    causing hardening.

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  • epidermal cells undergo process keratinization,
    as they are pushed towards the surface
  • Mitotic rate is normally EQUAL to that of those
    cells lost

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  • Mitotic rate INCREASES when friction occurs
    causing
  • calluses on hands and feet
  • corns (keratinized masses on toes)

12
  • Overall Fxn Protect underlying tissues against
  • Water loss (Wrinkly fingers)
  • Mechanical injury
  • Affects of harmful chemicals / pathogens

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Melanocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Structures lying deep in the epidermis
  • Produce melanin fxn is to protect underlying
    cells from UV light
  • Cytocrine secretion the transfer of granules of
    melanin into nearby epidermal cells.

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Melanocytes
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III Dermal layer
  • Layer of loose connective tissue binding
    epidermis to underlying tissues, such as muscles,
    adipose, etc
  • Composed mainly of collagen elastin Avg.
    thickness 1-2 mm.
  • 0.5 on eyelids, 3mm soles of
    feet
  • Contains muscle fibers, nerve endings, and
    blood supply

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  • Basic fxn
  • 1. blood vessels supply nutrients to all skin
    cells
  • 2. regulate body temp.

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  • Nervous tissue scattered throughout the dermis
  • Some carrying impulses to muscles / glands of the
    skin
  • Some associated with various sensory receptors in
    the skin

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Fingerprints
  • Specialized structure Dermal papillae
  • Uneven ridges formed during fetal development
  • NO TWO sets are exactly alike!

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IV Extension of Dermis, also called hypodermis/
3rd layer)
  • Subcutaneous layer composed mainly of loose
    connective and adipose
  • Layer containing majority of dermal blood vessels
  • Therefore fxn insulates conserves body heat and
    impedes entrance of heat from outside

22
Types of injections
  • 1. IM (Intramuscularly)EX vaccinations
  • 2. SubQ (subcutaneously) EX insulin
  • 3. Intradermally EX TB test
  • 4. Transdermally EX birth control, smoking
    patch, pain patches

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V Accessory organs of the skin
  • 1. Hair follicles
  • hair found almost all areas of the body
  • each hair develops at base called follicle
  • as newly formed cells develop and grow, older
    cells pushed towards surface and keratinize
    called hair shaft

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  • hair color genetically determined
  • bundle of smooth muscle and one or more sebaceous
    glands attached to each hair follicle arrector
    pili muscle

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2. Sebacious glands
  • glands that secrete sebum, helping to keep skin
    and hair soft and waterproof
  • In some regions, open directly to the skin
    surface
  • 1. lips
  • 2. corners of mouth
  • 3. external reproductive parts

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None found on
  • Palms
  • Soles

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3. Nails
  • -protective covers on the ends of fingers and
    toes (tactile)
  • -undergo keratinization

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4. Sweat glandsprimary fxcool body
  • Excretes wastes
  • located in nearly all areas of the skin
  • Each gland consists of a coiled tube, lined with
    sweat secreting epithelial cells
  • Sweat is primarily composed of water, also
    containing salt and urea

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Types of sweat glands (3)
  • Apocrine respond to emotional stress
  • Eccrinerespond to elevated body temp.
  • Specialized apocrine
  • ceruminous gland-secretes earwax
  • Mammary glands-secretes milk

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V. Regulation of Body Temperature
  • Normal or core body temp, is about 98.6 F, 37 C)
  • Heat Production and loss
  • Heat is by- product of cellular respiration

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Heat
  • Lost to outside environment by the following
    ways
  • Evaporation
  • Conduction
  • Convection
  • Radiation1 way to cool body
  • Hyperthermia vs. Hypothermia

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Problems with temperature regulation
  • Humidity due to saturation
  • EXhyperthermia- sweat glands activated but
    cannot evaporate sweat r/t hot humid day. Body
    temp. rises

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  • At risk age groups for Temperature related
    condition
  • Very young
  • Very old
  • Very thin

37
VI. Skin Color
  • Melanin Primary skin pigment. All humans have
    same concentration of melanocytes. Skin color is
    due to amt. of melanin sent to the epidermis.
  • Genetics each person inherits genes for melanin
    production.

38
  • Environment sunlight, uv light, x-ray
  • Causes existing melanin to darken and stimulate
    additional melanin production

39
VII. Physiological factors
  • 1. Oxygen content in blood.
  • Normal / to high red blood causes pinkish look
    to skin
  • Insufficient (Too low) ?02 bluish (cyanosis)

40
  • 2. Additional skin pigmentation
  • carotene in subcut. Causes yellowish look
    (Asian)
  • 3. Variety of diseases
  • EX Jaundice- infants or adults with liver
    disease.

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VIII. Response to injuries
  • Inflammation Is a response to injury in which
  • Blood vessels dilate
  • Membrane permeability increases
  • Benefits of Inflammation are aid in healing by
    providing additional nutrients and 02 to tissue

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  • IX. Burns

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1st degree burn
  • Epidermis ONLY affected
  • Redness and burning
  • EX sunburn

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Epidermal (1st degree) burn
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2nd degree burn
  • Damage to both the epidermis and dermis
  • Damage not enough to PREVENT healing

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Dermal (2nd degree) burn
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Deep dermal (2nd degree) burn
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3rd Degree burn
  • ENTIRE epidermis, dermis, and accessory organs
    destroyed
  • Tissue death

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Sub-dermal (3rd degree) burn
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Skin graft
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Common disorders of the Feet
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Tinea pedis
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Acne
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Contact dermatitis
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Moles are harmless skin growths that may be flat
or protruding. They vary in color from pink flesh
tones to dark brown or black.
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Pediculosis
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Decubitus pressure ulcer (Bed sore)
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Where do pressure ulcers form?
  • Where bone causes the greatest force on the skin
    and tissue.
  • For bedridden persons, most pressure ulcers form
    on the lower back below the waist (sacrum), the
    hip bone (trochanter), and heels.

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Diabetic Ulcer
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Pathophysiology diabetic foot ulceration
  • Neuropathy

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Eczema
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Quick Quiz 2 pts each
  • 1. Name 3 of the, at least 8 fxs of integ.
    system
  • 2 . List and describe the 3 layers of the skin
  • 3. Name/describe top 2 ways we lose body heat
  • 4. Describe keratin and keratinocytes
  • 5. Describe the relationship between skin color
    and melanin

67
Quick Quiz cont
  • 6. Describe what a sebacious gland is/does
  • 7. Describe what a sweat gland is/does
  • 8. What does Vit D have to do with skin?
  • 9 . Discuss the differences in 1st,2nd, 3rd
    degree burns
  • 10. Discuss two factors that can influence
    diabetic ulcers and pressure ulcers
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