Title: Hypnosis a state of heightened suggestibility people experience imagined suggestions as if they were real.
1Hypnosis a state of heightened suggestibility
people experience imagined suggestions as
if they were real.
2(No Transcript)
3Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)
Austrian physician who developed technique
animal magnetism (later renamed mesmerism).
Noticed patients enter trance-like state.
Apparent miracle cures
1841 Scottish surgeon James Braid witnessed
mesmerism /developed own technique Braid held
bright object in front of patients eyes while
making verbal suggestions Renamed it hypnosis
after Hypnos, Greek god of sleep.
4Hypnotic Induction
- Process by which one person leads another
into hypnosis. - Not necessary to swing watch in front of eyes or
say you are feeling sleepy!
- The goal gtto relax subject and
increase attention - Essential feature of procedure is subject must
realize they are being hypnotized - Not possible to be hypnotized against your will
5Hypnotic SusceptibilityHilgards Hypnosis
- According to Hilgard (1977),
in average testing session - 10 of subjects will be completely nonresponsive
- 10 will pass all or nearly all items
- Rest will fall in between.
- Susceptibility enhanced by increasing peoples
expectations
- (Spanos et al., 1991 Vickery Kirsch,
1991).
6Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale
Item Suggested Behaviour Criterion for Passing
Arm lowering Right arm will become heavy Arm lowered by at least 6 inches
Moving hands apart Force is pushing hands apart Hands are 6 or more inches apart
Mosquito hallucination Mosquito is buzzing nearby Any grimace or acknowledgement
Posthypnotic amnesia Will not remember suggestions Three or fewer items recalled
7Behavior under Hypnosis
- Hypnotized people are suggestible
- Behavior will conform with what hypnotist tells
them - Typical behaviour that can be induced
include - Acting out imaginary scenes.
- Pretending to be an animal.
- Believing a limb cannot move or is insensitive to
pain. - Positive and negative hallucinations seeing
things that are not really there, or not seeing
objects that really are present.
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v8CUHSoFUHTc
8- Posthypnotic suggestibility subject given
instructions under hypnosis and follows them
after returning to non-hypnotized state - Posthypnotic amnesia subject is instructed to
not remember suggested behavior after leaving
hypnotic state.
Brain under hypnosis
9Hypnosis and changes in perception
- Does hypnosis change persons perception during
positive and negative hallucinations? - Miller et al. (1973) tested hypothesis using
Ponzo illusion
10- Via hypnotic suggestion participants told slanted
lines disappeared - Subjectively they reported only seeing horizontal
lines - They still reported upper
line longer than lower - Shows visual system still
processing sensory information - Effect of hypnosis solely on conscious awareness
11Hypnosis and Involuntary Control
- When under hypnosis people subjectively
experience their actions to be involuntary - Can people be made to perform acts that are
harmful to themselves or others? - Evans Orne (1965) told hypnotized subjects that
cup of foaming liquid was acid - Subjects could be induced to dip their hands in
liquid and throw it in someones face
12- However, control group when asked to simply
pretend they were hypnotized
behaved in same way - This behaviour can be explained in terms of
destructive obedience i.e., psychological
compliance with an authority figure
- (Milgram, 1974)
- No evidence that hypnosis has a unique power to
coerce people against their will
13Why does hypnosis work?
- There are two main competing explanations for how
hypnosis works - Dissociation (state hypothesis) Theory
- Social Cognitive (non-state hypothesis) Theory
14Dissociation Theory
- An altered state of consciousness
- Best known example is neo-dissociation theory
proposed by Ernst Hilgard (1978) - Cognition involves multiple systems of control
not all conscious at same time - These systems are controlled
and motivated by central
executive ego
15Neo-dissociation Theory
16- Hilgard argued that during hypnosis, hypnotist
gains control of executive ego, and has access to
various subsidiary control systems - Hypnosis creates division of awareness/ person
simultaneously experiences two streams of
consciousness cut off from one another - One stream responds to
hypnotists suggestions,
while second stream remains
hidden observer of everything
that occurs
17Hidden Observer Phenomenon
- Hilgard (1977) hypnotized subjects and suggested
they would not feel pain - Placed arm in ice-cold water for 45 seconds and
reported level of pain - Another group Hilgard said Perhaps there is
another part of you that is more aware than your
hypnotised part. If so, would that part of you
report the amount of pain.
18Hidden Observer Study (Hilgard, 1977)
19- Hilgard argued dissociation between streams of
consciousness accounts for why hypnotism appears
to produce involuntary actions - Subject intentionally carries out actions, but
only hidden observer is aware - Primary consciousness stream is cut off from this
awareness and therefore action appears
involuntary to subject
20PAIN IMAGINED, PAIN PERCEIVED shows regions
activated during physically induced pain (left),
hypnotically induced pain (middle), and imagined
pain (right). In contrast to physically and
hypnotically induced pain, imagined condition
provided minimal activation in anterior
cingulated cortex, insula, and secondary
somatosensory cortex. Activation in primary
somatosensory cortex was observed only during
hypnotically induced pain. (S.W.G. Derbyshire et
al., Neuroimage, 2004.)
21Social Cognitive theory
- Social cognitive theories deny that hypnosis
produces an altered state of consciousness. - Instead hypnotic experiences result from
expectations of people motivated to take on role
of being hypnotized. - Subjects develop a perceptual set readiness to
respond to suggestions and to perceive hypnotic
experiences as real and involuntary
22- Orne (1959) subjects told prior to being
hypnotized that common feature of trance is
stiffening of muscles in dominant hand - Information false
- When subjects were hypnotized, 55 spontaneously
displayed hand stiffening - No subjects in control group showed this behavior
- Social Cognitive theory does not claim hypnotized
people are pretending Expectations can
influence behavior without conscious awareness
(e.g., placebo effects)
23Hypersuggestibility theorem
hypnotist's words are gradually accepted without
subjects censorship of what is being said.
- Unhypnotized persons can also do this
24Summary
- Hypnosis produces increased receptiveness to
suggestions - Hypnotized people subjectively experience their
actions to be involuntary. - Dissociation Theory attributes to divided streams
of consciousness. - Social Cognitive theory attributes this to
subjects expectation as to what effect hypnosis
will have on them
25Hypnotherapy
- cessation of smoking (often in single session)
- weight loss (body sculpting)
- suppression of pain
- hypnodontia use of hypnosis in dentistry
- enhance learning
- reduce anxiety
- Hypnodermatology - treating skin diseases with
hypnosis.
Self-hypnosis can be an alternative method of
breast augmentation, preferable to surgical
methods and certainly a lot easier, safer and
less expensive. advertisement
Wow!
26What Hypnosis Wont Do!
Breast Enlargement
Wont tell any secrets!
Make You Dance the Funky Chicken Unless you want
to
http//www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid151
1