Genetic Technology DNA Technology Genetic Engineering ALL THE SAME

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Genetic Technology DNA Technology
Genetic EngineeringALL THE SAME
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Genetic Engineering DNA Technology

• process of making changes in the DNA code of
  living organisms
• uses DNA technology to cure diseases, treat
  genetic disorders,
• improve food crops, etc.

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How do we make changes to DNA of an organism???

• USING.Restriction Enzymes
• bacterial enzymes
• act like scissors that
• cut DNA molecules
• at specific sites
• create sticky ends that can easily bind to
  complementary DNA and form new sequences of
  nucleotides

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Plasmids are

• ring of DNA found in a bacterium (bacteria) in
  addition to its main chromosome
• these plasmids can be cut with restriction
  enzymes, allowing other genes (donor genes) to be
  spliced into the plasmid
• once gene has been spliced into plasmid, the
  plasmid is returned to the bacteria

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• insulin production

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Plasmids are

• the bacteria then divides, giving copies of the
  new gene
• recombinant DNA- combination of DNA from two or
  more sources
• Ex. inserting human gene for insulin into
  bacteria in order to produce large amounts of
  insulin for people whose bodies do not produce
  enough

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MORE DNA Technology Techniques

• DNA Fingerprinting pattern of bands made up of
  specific fragments from an organism's DNA
• Uses
• -determining relationships between individuals
• -determining how closely species are related
• -helping solve crimes

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DNA Fingerprinting

• How it works
• use RFLP analysis to (omit) extract DNA and cut
  it using restriction enzymes
• gel electrophoresis DNA placed into wells made
  on a gel fragments or segments of DNA are then
  separated based on size and charge

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• Gel-Electrophoresis-Animation-

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

• used to quickly make many
• copies of selected segments of DNA, only requires
  tiny amounts of DNA

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Conceiving a Clone Media Center
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Human Genome Project (began in 1990)

• Purposes
• to determine the nucleotide sequence of the
  entire human genome (approx. 3 billion nucleotide
  pairs)
• to map the location of every gene on each
  chromosome
• improve diagnoses, treatments, and cures for
  genetic diseases

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Human Genome Proj.

• J. Craig Venter Designing Life - 60 Minutes -
  CBS News

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Cloning

• A group of genetically
• Identical cells
• May be produces asexually (Mitosis)
• Growing Body Parts

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Gene Therapy

• treating a genetic disorder by introducing a gene
  into a cell or by correcting a gene defect in a
  cell's genome
• involves ethical decisions - Ex. insurance
  companies

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To Rw. Practical Uses of DNA Technology

• produce pharmaceutical products inexpensively
• Ex. insulin

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Practical Uses of DNA Technology

• produce effective vaccines
• interesting research--scientists are creating a
  banana vaccine to vaccinate children against
  viral diseases like Hepatitis B

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Practical Uses of DNA Technology

• Increase agricultural yields by
• protecting plants by transferring genes that are
  harmful to pests into the plants
• producing plants that are resistant to
  weed-controlling chemicals (herbicides)
• developing plants that do not require fertilizers
  to grow

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• NOVA scienceNOW Personal DNA Testing PBS
• NOVA Online Cracking the Code of Life Watch
  the Program Here

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Safety and Environmental Issues

• genetically engineered foods may contain toxins,
  making people allergic to the foods
• genetically engineered crops may take over the
  native plant species

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Example of Genetic Engineering

• producing tomatoes that ripen without becoming
  soft and are supposed to taste better than
  commercially grown tomatoes

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