Managing the flow of technology: Technology transfer and the dissemination of technological information within R

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Managing the flow of technology Technology
transfer and the dissemination of technological
information within RD organization- Chapter3
(p. 35-57) -

• Allen, T. J. (1977)

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Scientist? Engineer ??? ??

• Many social scientists still view the two groups
  as essentially the same and feel no need to
  distinguish between them.
• This approach totally neglect the vast
  differences between the two professions.
• It is just that failure to recognize the
  distinction that has resulted in so much
  misdirected policy.

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Scientist? Engineer? ??(1)
Scientist Engineer
Krulee and Nadler(1960) Independence Learning (education) CareergtFamily Management Success Professional preparation (means to end) Familygtcareer
Ritti(1971) Reputation outside the company Activities within company

• On top of all of this lies the most important
  difference
• level of education.
• Engineer- baccalaureate level, some master, no
  college degree
• Scientist-almost doctorate

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Scientist? Engineer? ??(2)
Scientist engineer
??? Cumulative manner Cumulative manner
??? Recorded in literature Publish less Less time to reading
Information Transfer invisible colleges Close association with co-workers
Bureaucratic Organization Free to choose communicated with research community Employed by organization Interest to his employer refrain from disclosure
Impact of Localism on communication Impact of Localism on communication Proprietary must be protected Cannot be published Informal documentation system
the effect of turnover the effect of turnover Carries some knowledge of the employers
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Science? Technology? ???? ??? ??
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Science? Technology ??? ??
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Science? Technology ??? ?? ??
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Why do firms dobasic research with their own
money?

• Rosenberg. N. (1990)

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Economic theory? ??

• Typically, no reasonable expectation that these
• expenditures will begin to generate a cash flow
• in the next few years or so.
• Why, then?

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Economic theory? ??

• Arrow and Nelson
• Private enterprise economy fails to provide
  adequate incentives for investment in knowledge
  production.
• Reason1. inherently a high degree of uninsurable
  risk and uncertainty
• Reason2. knowledge, once produced, was freely
  available to all

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Basic Research?
Applied Research

• Basic research
• fuller knowledge or understanding of the subject
  under study, rather than a practical application
  thereof
• Applied research
• knowledge or understanding necessary for
  determining the means by which a recognized and
  specific need may be met
• The distinction between basic research and
  applied research is highly artificial and
  arbitrary.
• It is likely to be most effective when it is
  highly interactive with the work, or the
  concerns, of applied scientists and engineers.

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Basic Research? ???

• Understand better how and where to conduct
  research
• Making effective decisions / Evaluating the
  outcome
• That must be a major reason
• On the self
• Requires a substantial research capability to
  understand, interpret and to appraise knowledge
• The cost of maintaining this capability is high,
  because it requires a cadre
• The firm must be willing to let them perform
  basic research

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• Basic Research?
• ???? ?? ???

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Appropriability

• Research is socially desirable precisely because
  it often generates such widespread and
  indiscriminate benefits.
• First-mover advantage
• acquire valuable assets
• consolidate their market position through patent
  protection.
• Late-mover could gain the same knowledge at a
  lower cost while, avoiding the major mistakes
  that the first-mover made en route.

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Size and Market Power

• The potential payoff to basic research is so long
  term, only firms that were reasonably confident
  of being around in the long term would be likely
  to consider the possibility of making such
  commitments.
• 1. The most successful basic research labs have
  been in firms with strong market position.
• 2. small firms are difficult to patent and
  hence the flow of payoffs cannot be capitalized.

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Spillover Effect

• The existence of this enormous market obviously
  influence the RD decisions of private firms that
  want to improve their visibility and their
  eligibility for government military procurement
  contracts.
• In the past there have been specific civilian
  technological systems that have realized
  substantial benefits from military RD.

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? ??

• diverse range of products
• strong marketing
• distribution networks
• ????, ???? ??, Market Power? ??
• ??? ????

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Anomalous Case-Biotechnology

• First-mover advantages or an expectation that
  first-mover advantages
• extension of the law must certainly strengthen
  the incentives to do basic research.

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• ???? ???

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• ????(funding)? ??

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• ??? ??? ???
• C E O ?? ??? CEO (1971? ?)
• ? ? 2003?, ?????
• ?? ???? 3? have to do
• ???, ???? ??? ?????

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• ????? ???? ????(integrated model)??