Brief Response

1
Brief Response

• Compare Points of View The table compares the
  city-states of Sparta and Athens as they existed
  around the mid-400s B.C. How would a Spartan
  describe the ideal citizen? How would an Athenian
  describe the ideal citizen? What differences in
  the status of women do you observe?
• Chart
• Discussion sample
• A Spartan might describe an ideal citizen as
  disciplined, physically fit, simple, and highly
  skilled in war.
• An Athenian might describe an ideal citizen as
  trained in the arts and sciences, well-rounded,
  and prepared for both peace and war.
• Spartan women enjoyed a considerably greater
  amount of personal freedom than women in Athens.
• Spartan women were expected to be strong and
  independent, and they received much the same
  education as men.

2
CA SSS 10.1

• 10.1 Students relate the moral and ethical
  principles in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy,
  in Judaism, and in Christianity to the
  development of Western political thought.
• Analyze the similarities and differences in
  Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman views of law,
  reason and faith, and duties of the individual.
• Trace the development of the Western political
  ideas of the rule of law and illegitimacy of
  tyranny, using selections from Plato's Republic
  and Aristotle's Politics.
• Consider the influence of the U.S. Constitution
  on political systems in the contemporary world.

3
Ancient Rome

• 5th century BCE to the 5th century CE
• (go to Google Earth)

4
Lecture/Discussion

• Material from your reading

5
Ancient Roma

• Romes two phases, both militaristic
• Republic
• Empire
• Do you remember what militaristic means? EC (2)
• Depends on war to solve its national and
  international problems
• Is always ready for war.

6
The Republic

• Republic
• A government run by members of the population who
  are allowed to vote in it and lead it.
• Consul
• In peacetime, Rome was run by two leaders,
• selected by the legislature.
• EC The Roman legislature was called
• the Senate.
• the only social class allowed to participate in
  the Senate were the Patricians (rich and powerful
  landowners)

7
The Roman Republic

• Dictator
• A single, all-powerful ruler of Rome, selected by
  the Senate during wartime.
• Why? (4)
• One unchallenged leader could make quick and
  effective decisions needed to win a war

8
REVIEW

• Which concept is a concept from classical Athens
  that is central to Western political thought
  today?
• Individuals should fight against nature and
  society to achieve greatness.
• Individual achievement, dignity, and worth are of
  great importance
• Individual recognition impedes societal progress.
• Individuals play an insignificant role in shaping
  ideas, society, and the state.

9
The Roman Republic

• Two hundred years into it, ordinary Roman
  citizens, called (EC)
• Plebeians
• rose up demanding their rights.
• One important reform was .
• Tribunes
• To protect the nation, the Senate granted the
  Plebeians dialogue and some power through several
  tribunes.
• Spoke for the Plebeians in the Senate.
• If the Senate passed legislation that was not
  good for the Plebeians, the Tribunes had the
  power to..
• Veto
• stop a law from taking effect

10
Roman Expansion

• Rome made small gains over time in Italy.
• Soon it was in conflict for control of the
  Mediterranean Sea with
• Carthage
• Rome built giant, well-trained, professional,
  citizen-armies
• War on the sea made a powerful navy necessary.

11
Roman practices the Western World still uses today

• Trial by jury of peers
• Womens rights
• International law
• Innocent until proven guilty
• Flexible, elastic contracts
• Rules of evidence
• Professional lawyers
• Appeals courts
• Civil law
• Republican government

12
Move to Empire

• By the 1st century BCE, however, Roman republican
  government was weakening.
• Several generals and powerful men raised armies
  to support their takeovers of the Senate.
• Each believed or claimed he was defending Rome
  from corruption..
• The most successful of these dictators was

13
Julius Caesar

• His dictatorship.
• keeps the legal system intact
• Has only one ruler,
• Compels the Senate to agree with him, always.

14
Futile Assassination

• After a few years, group of Senators conspired
  and killed Julius Caesar in the Senate chamber..
• One was Caesars good friend, Marcus Juniuis
  Brutus

15
But, seriously The Empire

• After his assassination, in 44 BCE, Caesars
  nephew, Octavian, led an army to hunt down the
  traitors who murdered his uncle.
• the Roman Civil War began..

16
Octavian

• He changed his name to
• Augustus Caesar
• defeated the Republicans and continued Caesars
  government,
• Rome now had a dictatorial monarch and controlled
  many foreign lands
• It is therefore called the (EC).
• Roman Empire

17
The Empire
18
EC Two law systems

• _______________ was based on the Twelve Tables,
  original laws for Roman citizens.
• Civil Law
• As Rome expanded, they needed fair and natural
  laws for all the new foreign populations. It is
  called the ___________
• Law of Nations.

19
EC Fall of Western Rome, late 5th century CE

• Serfdom increased (indebted Romans lost their
  freedom)
• Stagnant society (people were bored, economy
  lagged)
• Taxes unpaid (weak government collected unfairly)
• Empire overextended (expenses too high,
  rebellions increased)
• No law of succession (assassinations frequent)
• Population decline (lead poisoning, disease,
  choice)

20
Fall of Western Rome, late 5th century BCE
(contd)

• Land uncultivated (farmers bankrupt)
• Mercenary army (non-citizens, foreigners)
• Greed and corruption (government run by and
  favored the rich (including businessmen))
• Break up of family life
• Barbarian invasions and destruction (Goths and
  Huns)

21
Eastern Rome survives.

• Eastern Rome continued under the strong, devout
  leader,
• Justinian
• Eastern Rome was centered in Greece.
• Greek culture, mixed with Roman, dominated it.
• The main language was Greek, not Latin.
• It was soon renamed EC
• The Byzantine Empire/Byzantium

22
EC Republican thinking (many borrowed from
Greece) affecting Modern Western Peoples today

• Trial by jury of peers
• Womens rights
• International law
• Innocent until proven guilty
• Flexible, elastic contracts
• Rules of evidence
• Professional lawyers
• Appeals courts
• Civil law
• Republican government

23
What ave the Romans done for Us?

• PPT, answer on a separate sheet of paper.

24
Homework answers/notes

• Worksheet, handout.

25
Why Ancient Rome?

• Rome used many Greek ideas
• Romans developed the most powerful empire on
  Earth, at the time, spreading Western
  Civilization to many cultures.
• Key Roman ideas used by Western nations today
  included
• Republic
• Justice/due process of law/Innocent until proven
  guilty
• Contract law
• Womens rights

26
Standards Check, p. 21

• Etruscans (1)
• Tyranny (king)

• Romans (Republic (3)
• the Senate (a legislature).
• Common people gained more participation, later.
• Two consuls held limited power to run the
  government

27
Dictators

• In the Republic, dictators were expected to give
  up their power when the war was over.
• This was modeled by (EC)
• Cincinnatus.
• He led Rome to victory and returned to his farms
  to be an ordinary Patrician, immediately

28
p. 22, Rome's Republican Government

• 1
• Tribunes could veto the acts of the Senate
• Assemblies accepted or rejected the laws of the
  Senate
• Censors could expel people from the Senate
• 2
• Tribunes, Assemblies, and the Laws of the Twelve
  Tables.

29
EC Roman Expansion

• Why did Rome become hard for the Senate to
  control by 50 BCE?
• Roman territory covered most of Europe, West
  Asia, and North Africa.
• Rome had to deal with many different cultures
• Rome had to deal with separatism (people not
  wanting to belong to Rome)
• The Senate was becoming more corrupt, serving the
  needs of themselves and friends, stealing funds
• Some Romans saw a need for a stronger, more
  controlling government in Rome.

30
p. 24, Map Skills

• 2.
• As far north as Britain
• 3
• Public works programs to employ jobless (improve
  infrastructure)
• Gave public land to the poor
• Granted citizenship to many people
• Cities and provinces given much self-government
  by the watchful emperor.
• Trade and travel protected by the Roman military
  and promoted by the vast road system.

31
Standards Check, p. 25,

• Question
• Territorial expansion created strains within
  Roman society
• Power struggle between the Senate and government
  reformers
• Civil war
• Rise of military interventions to control riots
• Julius Caesar
• Octavian (Augustus) takes complete control of
  Rome
• Becomes emperor

32
The Empire

• For the next two hundred years, the Empire was
  strong and prosperous.
• Since Peace, law, and order for most of the known
  Western world is made possible by Rome, the
  period is called the (EC)
• Pax Romana

33
EC Brief Review

• List the Roman practices the Western World still
  uses today
• Trial by jury of peers
• Womens rights
• International law
• Innocent until proven guilty
• Flexible, elastic contracts
• Rules of evidence
• Professional lawyers
• Appeals courts
• Civil law
• Republican government

34
Greek Orthodox Christianity

• Rome had become Christian
• The Byzantine Greeks were learned, devout
  followers of Jesus, (Iesu (Latin) YShua
  (Hebrew)).
• The called the book combining the religious
  teachings of the Hebrews and the early followers
  of Jesus the (EC) ___________ (Greek for book)
• Biblos (Bible)
• They gave Jesus the title (EC) ____________
• Christos (Greek for anointed one)

35
The Byzantine Empire

• The Eastern Roman empire survived the fall of
  Rome.
• Byzantium is important to Western culture for two
  reasons
• Preserved and organized (codified) Roman Law.
• (Justinian Code) used in later Western law.
• Preserved and organized the Jewish and Christian
  teachings..
• Center of the Eastern Orthodox Church
• Where the Bible (Biblos) was rewritten from
  Aramaic (form of Hebrew) to Greek, and, later,
  Latin.
• Unfortunately, later Byzantine rulers were less
  capable and the empire fell to Turks by the
  1500s.

36
Brief Response

• Name the two systems of law that developed during
  the rise of the Roman republic and compare them.
  Explain why the Romans developed the second
  system.