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Community Relationships Unit 2 Notes

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Title: Community Relationships Unit 2 Notes


1
Community RelationshipsUnit 2 Notes
2
  • Niche is
  • the species occupation and its
  • Habitat
  • location of species
  • (its address)

3
Niche
  • A species functional role in its ecosystem
    includes anything affecting species survival and
    reproduction
  • Range of tolerance for various physical and
    chemical conditions
  • Types of resources used
  • Interactions with living and nonliving components
    of ecosystems
  • Role played in flow of energy and matter cycling

4
Niche
5
Types of Species
  • Generalist
  • large niches
  • tolerate wide range of environmental variations
  • do better during changing environmental
    conditions
  • Specialist
  • narrow niches
  • more likely to become endangered
  • do better under consistent environmental
    conditions

6
r and k strategists
  • Depending upon the characteristics of the
    organism, organisms will follow a biotic
    potential or carrying capacity type reproductive
    strategy
  • The r-strategists
  • High biotic potential reproduce very fast
  • Are adapted to live in a variable climate
  • Produce many small, quickly maturing offspring
    early reproductive maturity
  • Opportunistic organisms
  • The K-strategists
  • Adaptations allow them to maintain population
    values around the carrying capacity
  • They live long lives
  • Reproduce late
  • Produce few, large, offspring

7
Types of Species
  • Native species normally live and thrive in a
    particular ecosystem
  • Nonnative species are introduced - can be called
    exotic or alien
  • Indicator species serve as early warnings of
    danger to ecosystem- birds amphibians
  • Keystone species are considered of most
    importance in maintaining their ecosystem

8
Nonnative Species
  • Nonnative plant species are invading the nation's
    parks at an alarming rate, displacing native
    vegetation and threatening the wildlife that
    depend on them
  • At some, such as Sleeping Bear Dunes National
    Lakeshore in Michigan, as much as 23 percent of
    the ground is covered with alien species, and the
    rate of expansion is increasing dramatically.

9
Indicator Species
  • a species whose status provides information on
    the overall condition of the ecosystem and of
    other species in that ecosystem
  • reflect the quality and changes in environmental
    conditions as well as aspects of community
    composition

10
Keystone Species
  • A keystone is the stone at the top of an arch
    that supports the other stones and keeps the
    whole arch from falling
  • a species on which the persistence of a large
    number of other species in the ecosystem depends.
  • If a keystone species is removed from a system
  • the species it supported will also disappear
  • other dependent species will also disappear
  • Examples
  • top carnivores that keep prey in check
  • large herbivores that shape the habitat in which
    other species live
  • important plants that support particular insect
    species that are prey for birds
  • bats that disperse the seeds of plants

11
Species Interaction
12
Competition
  • Any interaction between two or more species for a
    resource that causes a decrease in the population
    growth or distribution of one of the species
  • Resource competition

13
Competition
14
Resource Competition
15
Competition
  • Any interaction between two or more species for a
    resource that causes a decrease in the population
    growth or distribution of one of the species
  • Resource competition
  • Preemptive competition

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Competition
  • Any interaction between two or more species for a
    resource that causes a decrease in the population
    growth or distribution of one of the species
  • Resource competition
  • Preemptive competition
  • Competitive exclusion

18
Competitive Exclusion
19
Competition
  • Any interaction between two or more species for a
    resource that causes a decrease in the population
    growth or distribution of one of the species
  • Resource competition
  • Preemptive competition
  • Competition exploitation
  • Interference competition

20
Competition
21
PREDATION
22
Predator Adaptations
  • Prey detection and recognition
  • sensory adaptations
  • distinguish prey from non-prey

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Predator Adaptations
  • Prey detection and recognition
  • sensory adaptations
  • distinguish prey from non-prey
  • Prey capture
  • passive vs. active
  • individuals vs. cooperative

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Predator Adaptations
  • Prey detection and recognition
  • sensory adaptations
  • distinguish prey from non-prey
  • Prey capture
  • passive vs. active
  • individuals vs. cooperative
  • Eating prey
  • teeth, claws etc.

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Prey Adaptations
  • Avoid detection
  • camouflage, mimics,
  • diurnal/nocturnal

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Prey Adaptations
  • Avoid detection
  • camouflage, mimics,
  • diurnal/nocturnal
  • Avoid capture
  • flee
  • resist
  • escape

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Prey Adaptations
  • Avoid detection
  • camouflage, mimics,
  • diurnal/nocturnal
  • Avoid capture
  • flee
  • resist
  • escape
  • Disrupt handling (prevent being eaten)
  • struggle?
  • protection, toxins

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Herbivory
  • Herbivore needs to find most nutritious
  • circumvent plant defenses

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Herbivory
  • Herbivore needs to find most nutritious
  • circumvent plant defenses
  • Herbivory strong selective pressure on plants
  • structural adaptations for defense
  • chemical adaptations for defense

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Herbivory
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Herbivory
55
Herbivory
56
Symbiosis Mutualists, Commensalists and Parasites
57
  • Symbiosis and symbiotic relationship are two
    commonly misused terms
  • Translation of symbiosis from the Greek literally
    means living together
  • Both positive and negative interactions

58
Mutualism
  • DEFINITION
  • An interaction between two individuals of
    different species that benefits both partners in
    this interaction

59
Mutualism
  • Increase birth rates
  • Decrease death rates
  • Increase equilibrium population densities,
  • Raise the carrying capacity

60
Pollination
  • Animals visit flowers to collect nectar and
    incidentally carry pollen from one flower to
    another
  • Animals get food and the plant get a pollination
    service

61
Yucca and Yucca Moth
  • Yuccas only pollinator is the yucca moth. Hence
    entirely dependent on it for dispersal.
  • Yucca moth caterpillars only food is yucca
    seeds.
  • Yucca moth lives in yucca and receives shelter
    from plant.

62
Lichen (Fungi-Algae)
  • Symbiotic relationship of algae and
    fungaeresults in very different growth formas
    with and without symbiont.
  • What are the benefits to the fungus?

63
Nitrogen Fixation
  • Darkest areas are nuclei, the mid-tone areas are
    millions of bacteria Gram -, ciliate

64
Commensalists
  • Benefit from the host at almost no cost to the
    host
  • Eyelash mite and humans
  • Us and starlings or house sparrows
  • Sharks and remora

65
Parasites and Parasitoids
  • Parasites draw resources from host without
    killing the host (at least in the short term).
  • Parasitoids draw resources from the host and
    kill them swiftly (though not necessarily
    consuming them).

66
Parasitic wasps
  • Important parasites of larvae.
  • In terms of biological control, how would this
    differ from predation?

ovipositor
67
Ecological Processes
68
Ecological Succession
  • Primary and Secondary Succession
  • gradual fairly predictable change in species
    composition with time
  • some species colonize become more abundant
  • other species decline or even disappear.

69
Ecological Succession
Gradual changing environment in favor of new /
different species / communities
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Primary SuccessionGlacier Retreat
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Disturbance
  • Event that disrupts an ecosystem or community
  • Natural disturbance
  • tree falls, fires, hurricanes, tornadoes,
    droughts, floods
  • Humancaused disturbance
  • deforestation, erosion, overgrazing, plowing,
    pollution,mining
  • Disturbance can initiate primary and/or secondary
    succession

75
Ecological Stability
  • Carrying Capacity maximum number of individuals
    the environment can support

76
Ecological Stability - Stress
  1. Drop in Primary Productivity
  2. Increased Nutrient Losses
  3. Decline or extinction of indicator species
  4. Increased populations of insect pests or disease
    organisms
  5. Decline in Species diversity
  6. Presence of Contaminants

77
  • Which law directed the Secretary of the Interior
    to review every roadless area of 5,000 or more
    acres and every roadless island within National
    Wildlife Refuge and National Park Systems?
  • A. Endangered Species Act
  • B. Wilderness Act
  • C. Lacey Act
  • D. National Park Act
  • E. Wild and Scenic Rivers Act

78
  • What are keystone species?
  • A. existing in such small numbers that it is in
    danger of becoming extinct
  • B. introduced to an environment where it is not
    native, and that has since become a nuisance
  • C. likely to become an endangered species within
    the foreseeable future throughout all or a
    significant portion of its range
  • D. serve as early warnings of damage to a
    community
  • E. presence and role within an ecosystem has a
    disproportionate effect on other organisms within
    the system

79
  • Who did Roosevelt appoint to head the newly
    created US Forest Service to protect and manage
    the worlds forests?
  • A. E.O. Wilson
  • B. Aldo Leopold
  • C. Robert MacArthur
  • D. Stephen Mather
  • E. Gifford Pinchot

80
  • Mutualism benefits
  • A) one of the organisms hurts the other
  • B) neither of the organisms
  • C) both of the organisms
  • D) benefits one doesnt hurt the other
  • E) only one of the organisms

81
  • Commensalism
  • A) benefits only one of the organisms
  • B) benefits both organisms
  • C) benefits one, doesnt harm the other
  • D) benefits neither of the organisms

82
  • Biodiversity
  • A) decreases with speciation and extinction
  • B) decreases with speciation and increases with
    extinction
  • C) increases with speciation and extinction
  • D) increases with speciation and decreases with
    extinction

83
  • What is not a pre-zygotic barriers?
  • A) behavioral isolation
  • B) habitat isolation
  • C) mechanical isolation
  • D) hybrid isolation

84
  • Which of the following does species richness not
    depend on?
  • A) rate of immigration
  • B) island size
  • C) distance from mainland
  • D) types of species

85
  • Which is a species on which the persistence of a
    large number of other species in the ecosystem
    depends?
  • A) r-strategists
  • B) k-strategists
  • C) nonnative
  • D) keystone

86
  • What is not characteristic of a k-strategists?
  • A) long life
  • B) bigger bodies
  • C) produce a lot of offspring
  • D) produce late in life

87
  • What is not a predator adaptation?
  • A) prey detection
  • B) prey capture
  • C) eating prey
  • D) avoid detection
  • E) mass numbers

88
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