Chapter 7 Section 1

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Chapter 7 Section 1
Section 2
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Kush and Axum were strong civilizations. Later,
Islam would influence Africa.
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About 800,000 years ago, hunters and gatherers in
Africa began to tame animals and grow crops.
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This was called the Agricultural Revolution.
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It gave rise to Africas first civilizations
Kush and Axum.
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Kush
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By 2000BC trade had arisen between Egypt and the
area to the South called Nubia.

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Nubia was subject to Egyptian control for many
years. But they freed themselves in 1000BC and
became the independent state of Kush.
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In 750BC, Kush conquered Egypt.
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But, eventually the Assyrians (armed with better
weapons) would drive them out of Egypt. The
Kushites would return to the upper Nile valley.
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Their economy was first based on farming. But,
soon they would be trading.
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They would establish a major trading network
providing iron, ivory, gold and slaves to the
Roman Empire, Arabia and India.
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Axum
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Kush flourished from 250BC-AD150. It declined
because of the rise of Axum.
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Axum was after ivory and Kush had it. Axum
invaded Kush and took over.
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Axum was located in what is now Ethiopia.
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Axum was founded by Arabs. It owed its
prosperity to the Red Sea.
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It was on the trade route between India and the
Mediterranean.
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The most distinctive feature of its civilization
was its religion.
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King Ezana (the Axumite ruler) converted to
Christianity and made it the Axum religion.
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Please read the section entitled Rise of Islam.
Summarize the information in your notes.
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Chapter 7 Section 2
Did You Know?

• Mansa Musa, the Islamic ruler was accompanied on
  his pilgrimage to Makkah by a caravan consisting
  of 60,000 men and a baggage train of 80 camels,
  each carrying 300 pounds of gold.

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THE KINGDOM OF GHANA
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First of the great West Africa Trading States.
Most people were farmers who lived in villages
that together formed the kingdom of Ghana.
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The Kings of Ghana were strong, wealthy rulers
They governed without any laws
Had a well trained army of thousands of soldiers
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Ghana prospered from Iron and Gold supplies.
Traded gold for salt.

• Salt was a highly desired item, was used to
  preserve food and to improve its taste,
• People also needed it to replace what there
  bodies lost in the hot climate.

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THE BERBERS
A.K.A. fleets of the desert
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Camel caravans carried much of the trade across
the desert.

• Took 40-60 days to reach their destination
• Typically, up to a hundred camels traveled at
  about three miles an hour.

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The Kingdome of Mali

• Ghana weakened by wars, collapsed during 1100s.
  The greatest state that arose in its place was
  Mali.

Sundiata Keita established Mali in the mid 13th
century
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Mansa Musa

• Doubled Malis Size
• Created strong Central government
• Gave gold gifts everywhere he went on his
  pilgrimage to Makkah.

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Question

• Why would increasing the gold supply dramatically
  make its value fall?

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THE KINGDOM of SONGHAI

• Ruled under a Dynasty
• Sunni Ali expanded the empire
• Captured Timbuktu and Dejenne
• Took over control of Salt and Gold Trade.
• Muhammad Ture Empire reached the height of its
  power.
• Kept Kingdom secure with navy and horseback.

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Migration of the Bantus

• South of Axum lived a mixture of people.
• See the Map on Page 246

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They were called the Bantu Society.

• Their communities were based on subsistence
  farming growing crops for personal use, not for
  sale
• The Bantus also spread iron-smelting techniques
  across Africa.

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They eventually began to take part in a regional
sea trade up and down the East African coast

• Cities popped up along the coast. Merchants in
  these cities became very rich.

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Because of the trade between mixed cultures,
Swahili emerged.Swahili is a mixed African
Arabian culture.
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RECAP
Arab traders expanded trade, helping to
build African trading ports into great cities.
Eventually, a mixed African-Arab culture, called
Swahili, emerged.
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Question
What was the chief mechanism of Islams spread
through eastern Africa?
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Reading Comprehension Assignment

• With a partner, please read the section entitled,
  Societies of South Africa page 249. When you
  are done, work together to write a short summary
  WITHOUT using your textbook. Try to retain as
  much information as possible. Take turns writing
  down ideas and facts of Societies of South
  Africa.

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Key Words from
Societies of South Africa
Stateless societies Zimbabwe The Great
Enclosure Swahili
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SECTION 3 EARLY AFRICA Religion Culture
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Many African societies were matrilineal

• Descent was traced through the mother.

Ancestors were a key element in African religion.
They were believed to be closer to the gods.
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Religious Beliefs

• Rituals were a way to communicate with the gods.
• A special class of diviners usually performed the
  rituals
• Diviners believe they have the power to tell the
  future by working with supernatural forces.

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Islam was slow to spread in East Africa

• Islams beliefs conflicted with traditional
  African beliefs and customs
• Islams distinct roles for men and women did not
  fit with the more informal customs of the African
  cultures.
• More converts when upper Swahili class began to
  convert.

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Music and Dance

• Served as religious purposes
• Means of communicating with spirits
• Music storytelling was used to pass along a
  communities history in the absence of written
  language.