Patterns in Urban Soil Biodiversity: Biotic Homogenization and Urban Vicariance

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Patterns in Urban Soil Biodiversity Biotic
Homogenization and Urban Vicariance

• Katalin Szlávecz, Elisabeth Hornung
• Csaba Csuzdi, Zoltán Korsós, Ferenc Vilisics,
• Péter Sólymos, Richard Pouyat

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Questions and Challenges

• Are there general patterns among cities?
• Different land use history, management,
  population
• Different sampling methodology
• What are the similarities and differences among
  soil invertebrate taxa?
• Different natural history
• Difficulties in zoogeographical evaluation

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Landscape Heterogeneity
Baltimore, 1752
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Baltimore Ecosystem Study
http//www.beslter.org/
 
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The Losers Species Rich Taxa
rs (urban) 0.68 0.05ltplt0.1 rs (suburban)
0.86 0.025ltplt0.05
Memorabilia Zoologia 34. 1981
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Species dominance changes in the citySorø,
Denmark
Porcellio scaber
Vilisics et al. 2007
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Novel Habitats Greenhouses

• Percentage of fauna
• Earthworms 7.8
• Isopods 7.3
• Diplopods 5
• Origin
• SE Asia, Africa, Tropical America, Canary
  Islands, Iberian region

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Novel Habitats Buildings
Dichogaster bolaui
Csuzdi et al. 2008
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Biotic Homogenization
  Earthworms Isopoda Millipedes
Cities 6 11 6
Species 25 46 62
Homogenizing sp. 8 14 10
32 gt 30 gt 16

• Method biotic element analysis model based
  clustering of
• species ranges

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Similarity of soil fauna
Homogenizing sp.
All species
Native species
Betasim pmin(b,c)/(pmin(b,c)a) b and c
number of species in one or the other community
only a number of species in both communities
Similarity is decreasing with increasing
geographical distance
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Urban explorers Urban Vicariance
North America Baltimore
Cylindroiulus punctatus, Atlantic species
Cylindroiulus boleti, Continental species
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Urban Vicariance Examples

• Brachyiulus bagnalli B.
  pusillus
• Continental
  Atlantic
• Budapest Warsaw,
  Coppenhagen
• N Am Baltimore
• Polydesmus complanatus P. inconstans
  Continental
  Atlantic
• Budapest, Moscow Hamburg, Lublin,
  Warsaw
• 
  N Am Baltimore

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Summary

• All three groups have species adapted to novel
  habitats, but proportion and significance of
  exotics is taxon dependent
• Local fauna is still present, but with varying
  success
• Both relative and absolute density changes along
  the urban-rural gradient
• Earthworms showed the highest tendency for
  homogenization

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Acknowledgements
National Science Foundation USDA Forest
Service Hungarian Science Foundation
(OTKA) Hungarian Natural History Museum