Nuclear Radiation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Nuclear Radiation

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Title: Slide 1 Author: lori naps Last modified by: repair Created Date: 5/24/2006 10:57:52 PM Document presentation format: On-screen Show (4:3) Company – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Nuclear Radiation


1
Nuclear Radiation Transformations
2
Marie Curie
  • Marie Curie was a Polish scientist whose research
    led to many discoveries about radiation and
    radioactive elements. In 1934 she died from
    leukemia caused by her long-term exposure to
    radiation.

3
Radioactivity
  • Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie
    (1859-1906) were able to show that rays emitted
    by uranium atoms caused fogging in photographic
    plates.
  • Marie Curie named the process by which materials
    give off such rays radioactivity.
  • The penetrating rays and particles emitted by a
    radioactive source are called radiation.

4
Radioactivity
  • In nuclear reactions, the nuclei of unstable
    isotopes, called radioisotopes, gain stability by
    undergoing changes.
  • An unstable nucleus releases energy by emitting
    radiation during the process of radioactive
    decay.

5
Types of Radiation
  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Gamma

6
Alpha Radiation
  • Nuclear Symbol
  • Made of
  • Mass
  • Charge

4
4
He
a
or
2
2
2 p and 2 n0
4
2
7
Alpha Decay
8
Beta Radiation
  • An electron resulting from the breaking apart of
    a neutron in an atom is called a beta particle.

9
Beta Radiation
  • Nuclear Symbol
  • Made of
  • Mass
  • Charge

0
e
0
or
ß
-1
-1
electrons (-)
0
-1
10
Beta Decay
11
Gamma Radiation
  • Nuclear Symbol
  • Made of
  • Mass
  • Charge

?
electromagnetic waves
  • Usually emitted along with alpha radiation or
    beta radiation.

0
0
12
Gamma-Ray Radiation
Cobalt-60
Nickel-60
13
What stops alpha, beta, and gamma radiation?
  • Alpha particles are the least penetrating. Gamma
    rays are the most penetrating.

14
Nuclear Stability and Decay
  • The stability of the nucleus determines the type
    of decay (alpha, beta, gamma) a radioisotope
    undergoes.
  • The protons in a nucleus want to repel against
    each other.
  • There is a strong force that holds the protons
    and neutrons together in the nucleus

15
What makes an atom radioactive?
  • When the strong nuclear force cannot hold the
    protons and neutrons together.

16
Which elements are unstable (radioactive)?
  • All nuclei with more than 83 protons (shade these
    in on the small periodic table)
  • However, many other nuclei with only a few
    protons are also radioactive

17
Transmutation Reactions
  • The conversion of an atom of one element to an
    atom of another element is called transmutation.
  • Transmutation can occur by radioactive decay.
  • Transmutation can also occur when particles
    bombard the nucleus of an atom.

18
Fission Fusion
  • BOTH release A LOT of energy

19
Fission
  • A large nucleus is split apart.
  • Usually releases particles that perpetuate a
    chain reaction

20
Fission
21
Fission
  • A large nucleus is split apart.
  • Usually releases particles that perpetuate a
    chain reaction
  • Used to generate electricity and in nuclear
    weapons

22
Fusion
  • 2 small nuclei combine (fuse together)
  • Occurs at very high temperature and pressure
  • Occurs in the sun other stars

23
Fusion
24
Geiger Counter
  • Used to detect radioactive substances

25
Effects of Radiation
26
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27
Half-Life
  • HALF-LIFE is the time that it takes for 1/2 a
    sample to decay.
  • The rate of a nuclear transformation depends only
    on the reactant concentration.

28
Half-Life
29
Half-Life
30
Half-Life
  • The ratio of Carbon-14 to stable carbon in the
    remains of an organism changes in a predictable
    way that enables the archaeologist to obtain an
    estimate of its age.
  • Radiocarbon dating is used to determine the
    approximate age of a sample of matter.
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