Skills Handbook

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I. Geography Skills

• A. Terms

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• 1. Latitude
• - Distance north or south of equator
• - Lines called parallels

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• 2. Equator
• 0 degrees latitude - halfway between North and
  South Poles

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• 3. Longitude
• Distance east and west of Prime Meridian
• Lines called meridians

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• 4. Prime Meridian
• 0 degrees longitude, at Greenwich, England
• time start point

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• 5. International Date Line 180 degrees
• longitude

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• 6. Grid formed by lines of lat. and long.

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• 7. Degrees - measure of distance
• 60 minutes in degree
• 60 seconds in minute

Example 363730"N 0872622"W
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• 8. Hemispheres half of the globe

Western and Eastern
Map of the World, 1597
Northern and Southern
map dated 1/1/1790
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B. Mapmaking
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• 1. Map flat diagram of all or part of Earths
  surface

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• 2. Atlas collection of maps in one book

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• 3. Map Projections
• Ways of showing round world on flat maps

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C. Map Essentials
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• 1. Legend or Key explain what symbols represent

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• 2. Compass Rose arrows point in cardinal
  directions

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• 3. Scales measure distance

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• 4. Inset maps small part of larger map

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D. Working with maps
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• 1. Physical-political maps
• show physical and political features

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• 2. Climate Maps show weather patterns

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• 3. Population maps show where people live,
  population density

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• 4. Economic maps show resources,
• industries

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E. Using Graphs and Diagrams
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1. Three common types

• Bar graph Pie Graph Line
  Graph

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• 2. Climograph compares temperature and
  precipitation

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• 3. Tables statistical information

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• 4. Timelines Events over a period of time

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II. Geography and History
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A. Themes of geography
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• 1. Location - where a place is on Earth

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• Absolute Location exact spot
• Relative Location position in relation to
• other places

1101 Bastogne Avenue, Ft. Campbell,
KY
Between Gates 2 and 3
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• 2. Place - physical or human characteristics make
  it different

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• 3. Human-Environment Interaction
• humans shape/change/adapt to the
• environment

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• 4. Movement - People, goods, and ideas
• move continuously spatial interaction

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B. Themes of History
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• 1. Economics -
• development of economic systems

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• 2. Government -
• different forms
• how they affect society

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• 3. Culture -
• Influence on social and political events

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• 4. Science and Technology - effects on culture
  and society

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• 5. Citizenship -
• Rights and responsibilities
• Societys ideas of citizenship

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• 6. Belief Systems

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C. How Do We Know?

• Prehistory - time before history, before writing
  was invented

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• 1. Anthropologist - Study origins and
  development of people and societies

Anthropology studies all aspects of human life in
all geographic regions of all time periods
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• 2. Archaeologist study artifacts of past people
  and cultures

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• 3. Geologists date artifacts by age of nearby
  rocks

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• 4. Botanists and zoologists examine seeds and
  animal bones to determine diet

Animal bones dug up in an Indian trash midden
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• 5. Climatologists determine past the weather
  conditions

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• 6. Biologists analyze human bones or bloodstains
  on tools, weapons

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D. Historians Reconstruct the Past

• Study how people lived using artifacts and
  written records

A tortoise shell from the Shang period (1766-1122
BC) inscribed with characters believed to be the
first form of Chinese writing
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• 1. Written records began as oral traditions

African Griots (1925)
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• 2. Oral tradition include
• Family history
• Stories about heroes
• Events in the past

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• 3. Tell how a society lived and what people
  considered important