Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity

1
Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity

• What is an animal?
• Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote
  ingestion
• Structural support from structural proteins NOT
  cell walls
• Nervous tissue muscle tissue for impulse
  conduction movement
• Sexual reproduction with motile sperm swimming to
  non-motile egg

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Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function

• What is an animal?
• How has exchange with the environment evolved?
• Simple diffusion from direct contact w/
  environment
• To internal exchange thru moist medium

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Figure 40.3 Contact with the environment
4
Figure 40.4 Internal exchange surfaces of complex
animals
5
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function

• What is an animal?
• How has exchange with the environment evolved?
• Simple diffusion from direct contact w/
  environment
• To internal exchange thru moist medium
• 3. Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
  organization?
• Atoms?molecules?organelles?cells?tissues?organs?o
  rgan systems
• 4. What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
• Group of cells in a matrix with a common
  structure function
• Epithelial
• Tightly packed sheets that cover the body, line
  organs cavities w/in the body
• Involved with secretion absorption
• Connective
• Binds supports other tissues
• 3 kinds - collagenous, elastic, reticular
• Muscular
• Long cells made of contractile proteins (actin
  myosin)
• 3 kinds - skeletal, smooth, cardiac
• Nervous
• Sense stimuli transmits signals

6
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function

• What is an animal?
• How has exchange with the environment evolved?
• Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
  organization?
• What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
• What is metabolism?
• All of the chemical rxns within an organism
• Catabolism hydrolysis breaks bonds releases
  energy exergonic
• Anabolism dehydration rxns forms bonds
  requires energy endergonic

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Figure 40.7 Bioenergetics of an animal an
overview
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Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function

• What is an animal?
• How has exchange with the environment evolved?
• Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
  organization?
• What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
• What is metabolism?
• All of the chemical rxns within an organism
• Catabolism hydrolysis breaks bonds releases
  energy exergonic
• Anabolism dehydration rxns forms bonds
  requires energy endergonic
• 6. What is homeostasis how is it achieved?
• - Steady state
• Negative feedback
• the response is in the opposite direction of the
  stimulus

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Figure 40.11 A nonliving example of negative
feedback control of room temperature
Set point is maintained
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Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function

• What is an animal?
• How has exchange with the environment evolved?
• Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
  organization?
• What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
• What is metabolism?
• What is homeostasis how is it achieved?
• Steady state
• Negative feedback
• the response is in the opposite direction of the
  stimulus
• Positive feedback
• Response stimulus are in the same direction
• 7. What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?
• Ectothermic heat metabolism based on
  environment
• Endothermic heat metabolism regulated
  internally

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Figure 40.12 The relationship between body
temperature and environmental temperature in an
aquatic endotherm and ectotherm
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Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function

1. What is an animal?
2. How has exchange with the environment evolved?
3. Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
   organization?
4. What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
5. What is metabolism?
6. What is homeostasis how is it achieved?
7. What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?

13
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function

• What is an animal?
• How has exchange with the environment evolved?
• Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
  organization?
• What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
• What is metabolism?
• What is homeostasis how is it achieved?
• What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?
• How can organisms exchange heat within their
  bodies?
• - Countercurrent heat exchange

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Figure 40.15 Countercurrent heat exchangers
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Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function

1. What is an animal?
2. How has exchange with the environment evolved?
3. Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
   organization?
4. What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
5. What is metabolism?
6. What is homeostasis how is it achieved?
7. What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?
8. How can organisms exchange heat within their
   bodies?
9. How do we achieve homeostasis for body
   temperature?

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Figure 40.21 The thermostat function of the
hypothalamus in human thermoregulation
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Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function

• What is an animal?
• How has exchange with the environment evolved?
• Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
  organization?
• What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
• What is metabolism?
• What is homeostasis how is it achieved?
• What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?
• How do organisms exchange heat with their
  environment?
• How do we achieve homeostasis for body
  temperature?
• How do animals thermoregulate in temperature
  extremes?
• Torpor physiological state in which activity is
  low
• metabolism is decreased
• Hibernation winter bears, Beldings ground
  squirrels
• Estivation summer many reptiles, bees

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Figure 40.22 Body temperature and metabolism
during hibernation in Beldings ground squirrels
Additional metabolism that would be necessary to
stay active in winter
200
Actual metabolism
100
Metabolic rate (kcal per day)
0
Arousals
35
Body temperature
30
25
20
Temperature (C)
15
10
5
Outside temperature
0
Burrow temperature
-5
-10
-15
June
August
October
December
February
April