Terrorism

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Terrorism
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What is terrorism?

• There is no universally agreed, legally binding,
  criminal law definition of terrorism. Common
  definitions of terrorism refer only to those
  violent acts which are intended to create fear
  (terror), are perpetrated for a religious,
  political or ideological goal, deliberately
  target or disregard the safety of non-combatants
  (civilians), and are committed by non-government
  agencies.
• "Terror" comes from the Latin verb terrere
  meaning "to frighten". The terror cimbricus was a
  panic and state of emergency in Rome in response
  to the approach of warriors of the Cimbri tribe
  in 105 BC. The Jacobins cited this precedent when
  imposing a Reign of Terror during the French
  Revolution. After the Jacobins lost power, the
  word "terrorist" became a term of abuse. Although
  the Reign of Terror was imposed by a government,
  in modern times "terrorism" usually refers to the
  killing of innocent people by a private group in
  such a way as to create a media spectacle. This
  meaning can be traced back to Sergey Nechayev,
  who described himself as a "terrorist". Nechayev
  founded the Russian terrorist group "People's
  Retribution" in 1869.
• In November 2004, a United Nations Secretary
  General report described terrorism as any act
  "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm
  to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose
  of intimidating a population or compelling a
  government or an international organization to do
  or abstain from doing any act"

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Categories of Terrorism

• Civil disorder A form of collective violence
  interfering with the peace, security, and normal
  functioning of the community.
• Political terrorism Violent criminal behavior
  designed primarily to generate fear in the
  community, or substantial segment of it, for
  political purposes.
• Non-Political terrorism Terrorism that is not
  aimed at political purposes but which exhibits
  conscious design to create and maintain a high
  degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end
  is individual or collective gain rather than the
  achievement of a political objective.
• Quasi-terrorism The activities incidental to
  the commission of crimes of violence that are
  similar in form and method to genuine terrorism
  but which nevertheless lack its essential
  ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the
  quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the
  immediate victim as in the case of genuine
  terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the
  modalities and techniques of the genuine
  terrorist and produces similar consequences and
  reaction. For example, the fleeing felon who
  takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose
  methods are similar to those of the genuine
  terrorist but whose purposes are quite different.
  
• Limited political terrorism Genuine political
  terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary
  approach limited political terrorism refers to
  acts of terrorism which are committed for
  ideological or political motives but which are
  not part of a concerted campaign to capture
  control of the state .
• Official or state terrorism "referring to
  nations whose rule is based upon fear and
  oppression that reach similar to terrorism or
  such proportions. It may also be referred to as
  Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist
  acts carried out by governments in pursuit of
  political objectives, often as part of their
  foreign policy.

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History of Terrorism

• The history of terrorism goes back to Sicarii
  Zealots Jewish extremist group active in Iudaea
  Province at the beginning of the first century
  AD. After Zealotry rebellion in the 1st century
  AD, when some prominent collaborators with Roman
  rule were killed, according to contemporary
  historian Josephus, in 6 AD Judas of Galilee
  formed a small and more extreme offshoot of the
  Zealots, the Sicarii. Their terror also was
  directed against Jewish "collaborators",
  including temple priests, Sadducees, Herodians,
  and other wealthy elites.
• The term "terrorism" itself was originally used
  to describe the actions of the Jacobin Club
  during the "Reign of Terror" in the French
  Revolution. "Terror is nothing other than
  justice, prompt, severe, inflexible," said
  Jacobin leader Maximilien Robespierre. In 1795,
  Edmund Burke denounced the Jacobins for letting
  "thousands of those hell-hounds called
  Terrorists...loose on the people" of France.
• In January 1858, Italian patriot Felice Orsini
  threw three bombs in an attempt to assassinate
  French Emperor Napoleon III.Eight bystanders were
  killed and 142 injured. The incident played a
  crucial role as an inspiration for the
  development of the early Russian terrorist
  groups. Russian Sergey Nechayev, who founded
  People's Retribution in 1869, described himself
  as a "terrorist", an early example of the term
  being employed in its modern meaning.

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Terrorism in the United States

• Attacks by date 1800-99
• November 7, 1837 A pro-slavery mob kills
  abolitionist Elijah P. Lovejoy, editor of the
  "Alton Observer".
• May 21, 1856 Sacking of LawrencePro-Slavery
  forces enter Lawrence, Kansas to disarm residents
  and destroy the town's presses and the Free State
  Hotel.
• May 24, 1856 May 25, 1856 Pottawatomie
  MassacreIn response to the sacking of Lawrence,
  John Brown leads a group of abolitionists in the
  murders of five pro-slavery Kansas settlers.
• April 14, 1865 Abraham Lincoln assassination
  Part of a conspiracy by confederate supporters
  John Wilkes Booth, Lewis Powell and George
  Atzerodt to assassinate President Abraham
  Lincoln, Vice President Andrew Johnson and
  Secretary of State William Seward in Washington,
  DC to create chaos for the purpose of
  overthrowing the Federal Government. Booth
  succeeded in assassinating Lincoln at Ford's
  Theater, Seward survived numerous stabbings by
  Powell who stabbed others as he was chased out of
  Seward's home, Atzerodt failed to carry out the
  planned murder of Johnson. Booth was killed by
  soldiers when he failed to surrender. Eight
  conspirators were tried and convicted for their
  role in the conspiracy by a military tribunal.
  Four defendants were executed for their roles
  including Mary Surratt the first women ever to be
  hanged by the U.S. government.
• May 4, 1886 Haymarket affairAnarchists at
  Haymarket Square in Chicago detonate a bomb
  during a labor rally, the police respond with
  gunfire killing twelve people.

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1900-1959

• 1917, November 24 A bomb explodes in a Milwaukee
  police station, killing nine officers and a
  civilian. Anarchists were suspected.
• 1919 1919 United States anarchist bombings
• 1920 Wall Street bombing
• 1921 May 31 During the Tulsa Race Riot there
  were reports that whites dropped dynamite from
  airplanes onto a black ghetto in Tulsa. The riot
  killed 39300 people and destroyed more than
  1,100 homes. This account is heavily disputed,
  however.
• 1927 May 18 The Bath School Disaster (bombings)
  killed 45 people and injured 58. Most of the
  victims were children in the second to sixth
  grades (712 years of age) attending the Bath
  Consolidated School. Their deaths constitute the
  deadliest act of mass murder in a school in U.S.
  history.
• 1933, October 10, A Boeing 247 is destroyed in
  midflight over Indiana by a nitroglycerin bomb.
  All seven people aboard are killed. This incident
  is the first proven case of air sabotage in the
  history of aviation.
• 1940 4 July Two New York City policemen killed
  and two critically wounded examining a bomb they
  had found at the British Pavilion at the World's
  Fair

• 1901 September 6 President William McKinley
  assassinated by Michigan born Russian-Polish
  anarchist, Leon Czolgosz, in Buffalo, New York.
• 1910 October 1 Los Angeles Times bombing. The
  Los Angeles Times building in Los Angeles is
  destroyed by dynamite, killing 21 workers. The
  bomb was apparently placed due to the paper's
  opposition to unionization of its employees
• 1915, July 2 Frank Holt (also known as Eric
  Muenter), a German professor who wanted to stop
  American support of the Allies in World War I,
  exploded a bomb in the reception room of the U.S.
  Senate. The next morning he tried to assassinate
  J.P. Morgan, Jr. the son of the financier whose
  company served as Great Britains principal U.S.
  purchasing agent for munitions and other war
  supplies. Muenter was overpowered by Morgan in
  Morgan's Long Island home before committing
  suicide in prison on July 7.
• 1916 July 22 The Preparedness Day bombing kills
  ten people and injures 40 in San Francisco. The
  identity of the bombers has never been proven.
  Radical union leaders were suspected.
• 1916 July 30 The Black Tom explosion in Jersey
  City, New Jersey was an act of sabotage on
  American ammunition supplies by German agents to
  prevent the materiel from being used by the
  Allies in World War I.

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1960s

• 1960 The Sunday Bomber sets off a series of
  bombs in New York City subways and ferries during
  Sundays and Holidays, killing one woman and
  injuring 51 other commuters.
• 1968 April Students at Trinity College hold the
  board of trustees captive until their demands
  were met.
• April 23, 1968 April 30, 1968 During a student
  rebellion at New York's Columbia University
  members of the New Left organization Students for
  a Democratic Society and Student Afro-American
  Society held a dean hostage demanding an end to
  both military research on campus and construction
  of a gymnasium in nearby Harlem.
• 1968 November Officials of San Fernando State
  College held at knife point by students.
• 1969 January 1 1970 April 15 8200 Bombings,
  attempted bombings and bomb threats attributed to
  "campus disturbances and student unrest
• 1969 February Secretary at Pomona College
  severely injured by bomb.

• 1969 March Student critically injured while
  attempting to bomb a San Francisco State College
  classroom.
• 1969 August 7 Twenty were injured by radical
  leftist Sam Melville in a bombing of the Marine
  Midland Building in New York City.
• 1969 August 8 United States Department of
  Commerce Offices in New York City damaged by
  bombing
• 1969 September 18 The Federal Building in New
  York City is bombed by radical leftist Jane
  Alpert.
• 1969 October 7 Fifth floor of the Armed Forces
  Induction Center in New York City devastated by
  explosion attributed to radical leftist Jane
  Alpert.
• 1969 November 12 A bomb is detonated in the
  Manhattan Criminal Court building in New York
  City. Jane Alpert, Sam Melville, and 3 other
  militant radical leftists are arrested hours
  later

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1970s

• 1973 March 4 A failed terrorist attack by
  Palestinian group Black September, with car
  bombings in New York City while Israeli Prime
  Minister Golda Meir was visiting the city.
• 1973 June 1 Yosef Alon, the Israeli Air Force
  attache in Washington, D.C., was shot and killed
  outside his home in Chevy Chase, Maryland.
• 1974 June 13 The 29th floor of the Gulf Tower in
  Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was bombed with
  dynamite at 941 p.m. resulting in no injuries.
  The radical leftist group Weatherman took credit,
  but no suspects have ever been identified.
• 1974 Summer "Alphabet Bomber" Muharem
  Kurbegovich bombs the Pan Am Terminal at Los
  Angeles International Airport killing three and
  injuring eight.
• 1975 December 29 The LaGuardia Airport Christmas
  Bomb kills 11 and injures 75. The bombing remains
  unsolved.
• 1976 September 11 Croatian terrorists hijack a
  TWA airliner diverting it to Gander, Newfoundland
  and Labrador, and then Paris demanding a
  manifesto be printed. One police officer was
  killed and three injured during an attempt to
  defuse a bomb that contained their communiqués in
  a New York City train station locker.
• 1976 September 21 Orlando Letelier, a former
  member of the Chilean
• government, was killed by a car bomb in
  Washington, D.C. along with his assistant Ronni
  Moffitt. The killing was carried out by members
  of the Chilean DINA.

• 1970 April At Stanford University over a period
  of several nights bands of student radicals
  systematically set fires, break windows and throw
  rocks.
• 1970 May In reaction to the U.S. Invasion of
  Cambodia, Kent State Shootings, and Jackson State
  Shootings a Fresno State College computer center
  is destroyed by a firebomb.
• 1970 August 24 Sterling Hall bombing at the
  University of WisconsinMadison in protest of the
  Army Mathematics Research Center and the Vietnam
  War, killing one.
• 1970 November 21 Bombing of the City Hall of
  Portland, Oregon in an attempt to destroy the
  state's bronze Liberty Bell replica.
• 1970 Jewish Defense League linked with a bomb
  explosion outside of Aeroflot's New York City
  office in protest of treatment of Soviet Jews
• 1971 Jewish Defense League linked to a
  detonation outside of Soviet cultural offices in
  Washington and rifle fire into the Soviet mission
  to the United Nations
• 1971 March 1 The radical leftist group
  Weatherman explode a bomb in the United States
  Capitol to protest the U.S. invasion of Laos.

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1980s

• 1980 June 3 Bombing of the Statue of Liberty. At
  730 p.m., a time delayed explosive device
  detonated in the Statue of Liberty's Story Room.
  FBI investigators believed the perpetrators were
  Croatian terrorists seeking independence for
  Croatia from Yugoslavia, though no arrests were
  made.
• 1980 July 22 Ali Akbar Tabatabai, an Iranian
  exile and critic of Ayatollah Khomeni, was shot
  in his Bethesda, Maryland home. Dawud Salahuddin,
  an American Muslim convert, was apparently paid
  by Iranians to kill Tabatabai.
• 1981 December 7 James W. von Brunn served 6
  years in prison for attempting to kidnap members
  of the Federal Reserve at their headquarters in
  Washington, D.C.
• 1982 January 28 Kemal Arikan, the Turkish
  Consul-General in Los Angeles, is killed by
  members of the Justice Commandos Against Armenian
  Genocide.
• 1982 May 4 Turkish Honorary Consul Orhan Gunduz
  was assassinated in his car in Somerville,
  Massachusetts by the Justice Commandos Against
  Armenian Genocide.
• 1983 November 7 U.S. Senate bombing. The Armed
  Resistance Unit, a militant leftist group, bombs
  the United States Capitol in response to the U.S.
  invasion of Grenada.

• 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack In what is
  believed to be the first incident of bioterrorism
  in the United States the Rajneeshee cult spreads
  salmonella in salad bars at 10 restaurants in
  Oregon, to influence a local election which
  backfired as suspicious residents came out in
  droves to prevent the election of Rajneeshee
  candidates.. Health officials say that 751 people
  were sickened and more than 40 hospitalized.
• 1984 July 18 Alan Berg, Jewish lawyer-talk show
  host was shot and killed in the driveway of his
  home on Capitol Hill, Denver, Colorado, by
  members of a White Nationalist group called The
  Order. Berg had stridently argued with a member
  of the group on the show earlier who was
  convicted in his murder.
• 1985 October 11 Alex Odeh, a prominent
  Arab-American, was killed by a bomb in his office
  in Santa Ana, California. The case is unsolved,
  but it is thought the Jewish Defense League was
  responsible.
• 1985 December 11 computer rental store owner,
  Hugh Scrutton, is the first fatality of the
  Unabomber's neo-luddite campaign.
• 1989 March 1 1989 firebombing of the Riverdale
  Press. The Riverdale Press, a weekly newspaper in
  the Bronx, New York, is firebombed one week after
  publishing an editorial defending author Salman
  Rushdie's right to publish The Satanic Verses,
  which questioned the founding myth of Islam.

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1990s

• 1993 January 25 CIA Shooting Mir Aimal Kasi
  opened fire to cars waiting at the stop light in
  front of CIA Headquarters in Langley, VA killing
  two and injuring three others.
• 1993 February 26 First World Trade Center
  bombing killed six and injured 1,000. The attack
  was carried out by radical Islamist Ramzi Yousef,
  a member of Al Qaeda.
• 1994 December 10 Advertising executive, Thomas
  J. Mosser, is killed after opening a mail package
  from the Unabomber, being the second fatality of
  the mail bomb campaign.
• 1995 April 19 Oklahoma City bombing A truck
  bomb shattered the Alfred P. Murrah Federal
  Building in downtown Oklahoma City, killing 168
  people-including children playing in the
  building's day care center. Right-wing terrorists
  Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols were convicted
  in the bombing.
• 1995 April 24 Timber industry lobbyist, Gilbert
  P. Murray, is the third and final fatal victim of
  the Unabomber's mail bomb campaign.

• 1996 July 27 Centennial Olympic Park bombing by
  Eric Robert Rudolph occurred in Atlanta, Georgia,
  during the Atlanta Olympics. One person was
  killed and 111 injured. In a statement released
  in 2005 Rudolph said the motive was to protest
  abortion and the "global socialist" Olympic
  Movement.
• 1997 February 24 69-year-old Palestinian Ali
  Hassan Abu Kamal opens fire on tourists at an
  observation deck atop the Empire State Building
  killing a Danish national and wounding visitors
  from the United States, Argentina, Switzerland
  and France before turning the gun on himself. A
  handwritten note carried by the gunman claims
  this was a punishment attack against the "enemies
  of Palestine". His widow claimed he became
  suicidal after losing 300,000 in a business
  venture. In a 2007 interview with the New York
  Daily News his daughter said her mother's story
  was a cover crafted by the Palestinian Authority
  and that her father wanted to punish the United
  States for its support of Israel.
• 1999 December 31 An arson fire causes one million
  dollars in damage and destroys the fourth floor
  of Michigan State University's Agriculture Hall.
  In 2008 four people that the government claimed
  were Earth Liberation Front members were indicted
  for that incident

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2000s

• 2000 October 13, Firebombing of Temple Beth El
  (Syracuse)
• 2000 2000 New York terror attack Three young men
  of Arab descent hurled crude Molotov cocktails at
  a synagogue in The Bronx, New York to "strike a
  blow in the Middle East conflict between Israel
  and Palestine".
• 2001 May 21 The Center for Urban Horticulture at
  the University of Washington burned. Replacement
  building cost 7 million (8,686,000 in current
  dollar terms). Earth Liberation Front members
  pleads guilty.
• 2001 September 11 September 11, 2001 attacks
  carried out by Al-Qaeda. The attacks killed
  nearly 3,000 civilians, and were carried out by
  Islamic fundamentalists using hijacked commercial
  airplanes to damage the Twin Towers of the World
  Trade Center, ultimately destroying both
  110-story skyscrapers. The Pentagon near
  Washington, D.C., was also severely damaged.
  Building 7 of the World Trade Center was also
  destroyed in the attack. A fourth plane crashed
  in Pennsylvania before it could reach its target.
  
• 2001 September 18 November 2001 anthrax
  attacks. Letters tainted with anthrax kill five
  across the U.S., with politicians and media
  officials as the apparent targets. On July 31,
  2008 Bruce E. Ivins a top biodefense researcher
  committed suicide.
• May 2002 Mailbox Pipe Bomber Lucas John Helder
  rigged pipe bombs in private mailboxes to explode
  when the boxes were opened. He injured 6 people
  in Nebraska, Colorado, Texas, Illinois, and Iowa.
  His motivation was to garner media attention so
  that he could spread a message denouncing
  government control over daily lives and the
  illegality of marijuana, as well as promote
  astral projection.

• 2002 July 4 2002 Los Angeles Airport shooting
  Hesham Mohamed Hadayet, a 41-year-old Egyptian
  national, kills two Israelis and wounds four
  others at the El Al ticket counter at Los Angeles
  International Airport.
• October 2002 Beltway Sniper Attacks During three
  weeks in October 2002, John Allen Muhammad and
  Lee Boyd Malvo killed 10 people and critically
  injured 3 others in Washington D.C, Baltimore,
  and Virginia. The pair were also suspected of
  earlier shootings in Maryland, Alabama, Arizona,
  Georgia, Louisiana, and Washington state. No
  motivation was given at the trial, but evidence
  presented showed an affinity to the cause of the
  Islamic jihad.
• 2006 July 28 Seattle Jewish Federation shooting,
  Naveed Afzal Haq, an American citizen of
  Pakistani descent, kills one woman and shoots
  five others at the Jewish Federation building in
  Seattle.
• 2007 October 26 A pair of improvised explosive
  devices were thrown at the Mexican Consulate in
  New York City. The fake grenades were filled with
  black powder, and detonated by fuses, causing
  very minor damage. Police were investigating the
  connection between this and a similar attack
  against the British Consulate in New York in
  2005.
• 2008 February In the first reported incident of
  animal-rights extremists physically assaulting
  the family members of animal researchers, six
  masked activists attempted to force their way
  into the home of a University of California,
  Santa Cruz, researcher and injured the
  researcher's husband.
• 2008 March 3 Four multimillion-dollar show homes
  place in Woodinville, Washington are torched. The
  Earth Liberation Front is suspected.

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2000s

• 2008 March 6 A homemade bomb damaged a
  Recruiting Office in Times Square
• 2008 May 4 Multiple nail-laden pipe bombs
  exploded at a Federal Courthouse in San Diego
  causing "considerable damage" to the entrance and
  lobby and sending shrapnel two blocks away. The
  F.B.I. is investigating links between this attack
  and an April 25 explosion at the FedEx building
  also in San Diego.
• 2008 July 27 Jim D. Adkisson opened fire in the
  Tennessee Valley Unitarian Universalist Church in
  Knoxville, Tennessee, killing two and injuring
  seven before being tackled to the ground by
  congregation members. A note found in his SUV
  indicated this was intended as a suicide attack,
  and said the church was apparently targeted
  because of its support of liberal social
  policies.
• 2008 August 2, August 3 University of
  California-Santa Cruz molecular biologist David
  Feldheim's home was firebombed. FBI is
  investigating incidents as domestic terrorism
  related to animal rights groups.
• 2009 April 8 According to a report in the Wall
  Street Journal, intruders left malware in power
  grids, water, and sewage systems that could be
  activated at a later date. While the attacks
  which have occurred over a period of time seem to
  have originated in China and Russia, it is
  unknown if they are state-sponsored
• 2009 May 31 Assassination of George Tiller. Dr.
  George Tiller, a doctor who provided late-term
  abortions was shot to death in a Wichita, Kansas
  church. Tiller was shot previously in 1993, and
  his abortion clinic had been bombed in 1985.

• 2009 May 25 Crude bomb explodes in a Starbucks
  in Manhattan's Upper East Side. On July 14, Kyle
  Shaw age 17 was arrested and plead not guilty.
  Police said his motive was to emulate "Project
  Mayhem" a series of assaults on corporate America
  portrayed in the movie Fight Club.
• 2009 June 1 Arkansas recruiting office shooting
  One military recruiter was killed, and another
  critically injured, by gunshot at a Little Rock,
  Arkansas Army/Navy Career Center. The suspect,
  Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad, said he was part of
  Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and upset over
  U.S. killing of Muslims in Iraq and Afghanistan.
• 2009 June 10 United States Holocaust Memorial
  Museum shooting. 88-year-old James Wenneker von
  Brunn walked into the U.S. Holocaust Memorial
  Museum in Washington, D.C. and shot a guard, who
  later died. Von Brunn was a self-described white
  supremacist and neo-Nazi.
• 2009 November 5 Fort Hood Shooting, Army
  psychiatrist Nidal Malik Hasan opens fire and
  kills 13 people at the Fort Hood Army base in
  Texas in what Secretary of Homeland Security
  Janet Napolitano described as an act of violent
  Islamic terrorism.

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2010- Present

• 2010 February 18 Joseph Stack flew a small plane
  into an IRS building in Austin, Texas, believed
  to be in retaliation to the U.S. Government.
• 2010 September 1 James J. Lee wearing explosives
  and carrying a gun took hostages at the
  headquarters of the Discovery Channel in Silver
  Spring, Maryland before being killed by police.
  He was protesting the channel's "anti
  environmental" message and programming
  encouraging birth of humans who he called filthy.
• 2011 January 6 Three Packages detonate in the
  mail rooms of two Maryland state government
  buildings. No serious injuries

• On January 8, 2011, Giffords was shot in the head
  outside a Safeway grocery store in Casas Adobes,
  Arizona, a suburban area northwest of Tucson,
  during her first "Congress on Your Corner"
  gathering of the year. Nineteen people were shot,
  of whom six died, when a man ran up to the crowd
  and began firing. The suspect, identified as
  Jared Lee Loughner, was detained by bystanders
  until he was taken into police custody. Federal
  officials charged Loughner on the next day with
  killing federal government employees, attempting
  to assassinate a member of Congress and
  attempting to kill federal employees.

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Acts of Terror

• Domestic terrorism in the United States between
  1980 and 2000 consisted of 250 of the 335
  incidents confirmed as or suspected to be
  terrorist acts by the FBI. These 250 attacks are
  considered domestic by the FBI because they were
  carried out by U.S. citizens

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How do we prevent terrorism?

• Counter-terrorism is the practices, tactics,
  techniques, and strategies that governments,
  militaries, police departments and corporations
  adopt to prevent or in response to terrorist
  threats and/or acts, both real and imputed.
• The tactic of terrorism is available to
  insurgents and governments. Not all insurgents
  use terror as a tactic, and some choose not to
  use it because other tactics work better for them
  in a particular context. Individuals, such as
  Timothy McVeigh, may also engage in terrorist
  acts such as the Oklahoma City bombing.
• If the terrorism is part of a broader insurgency,
  counter-terrorism may also form a part of a
  counter-insurgency doctrine, but political,
  economic, and other measures may focus more on
  the insurgency than the specific acts of terror.
• Foreign internal defense (FID) is a term used by
  several countries for programs either to suppress
  insurgency, or reduce the conditions under which
  insurgency could develop.
• Counter-terrorism includes both the detection of
  potential acts and the response to related events

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How do you stop terrorists??

• Building a counter-terrorism plan involves all
  segments of a society or many government
  agencies. In dealing with foreign terrorists, the
  lead responsibility is usually at the national
  level. Because propaganda and indoctrination lie
  at the core of terrorism, understanding their
  profile and functions increases the ability to
  counter terrorism more effectively.
• See the series of articles beginning with
  intelligence cycle management, and, in
  particular, intelligence analysis. HUMINT
  presents techniques of describing the social
  networks that make up terrorist groups. Also
  relevant are the motivations of the individual
  terrorist and the structure of cell systems used
  by recent non-national terrorist groups.
• Most counter-terrorism strategies involve an
  increase in standard police and domestic
  intelligence. The central activities are
  traditional interception of communications, and
  the tracing of persons. New technology has,
  however, expanded the range of military and law
  enforcement operations.
• Domestic intelligence is often directed at
  specific groups, defined on the basis of origin
  or religion, which is a source of political
  controversy. Mass surveillance of an entire
  population raises objections on civil liberties
  grounds.

• To select the effective action when terrorism
  appears to be more of an isolated event, the
  appropriate government organizations need to
  understand the source, motivation, methods of
  preparation, and tactics of terrorist groups.
  Good intelligence is at the heart of such
  preparation, as well as political and social
  understanding of any grievances that might be
  solved. Ideally, one gets information from inside
  the group, a very difficult challenge for HUMINT
  because operational terrorist cells are often
  small, with all members known to one another,
  perhaps even related.
• Counterintelligence is a great challenge with the
  security of cell-based systems, since the ideal,
  but nearly impossible, goal is to obtain a
  clandestine source within the cell. Financial
  tracking can play a role, as can communications
  intercept, but both of these approaches need to
  be balanced against legitimate expectations of
  privacy.

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Homeland Security

• The scope of homeland security includes
• Emergency preparedness and response (for both
  terrorism and natural disasters), including
  volunteer medical, police, emergency management,
  and fire personnel
• Domestic and International intelligence
  activities, largely today within the FBI
• Critical infrastructure and perimeter protection
  
• Border security, including both land, maritime
  and country borders
• Transportation security, including aviation and
  maritime transportation
• Biodefense
• Detection of radioactive and radiological
  materials
• Research on next-generation security
  technologies.

• Homeland security is an umbrella term for
  security efforts to protect the United States
  against terrorist activity. Specifically, is a
  concerted national effort to prevent terrorist
  attacks within the US, reduce Americas
  vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the
  damage and recover from attacks that do occur.
• The term arose following a reorganization of many
  U.S. government agencies in 2003 to form the
  United States Department of Homeland Security
  after the September 11 attacks and may be used to
  refer to the actions of that department, the
  United States Senate Committee on Homeland
  Security and Governmental Affairs, or the United
  States House of Representatives Committee on
  Homeland Security.
• Homeland defense (HD) is the protection of U.S.
  territory, sovereignty, domestic population, and
  critical infrastructure against external threats
  and aggression

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The War on Terror

• The War on Terror (also known as the Global War
  on Terror or the War on Terrorism) is an
  international military campaign led by the United
  States and the United Kingdom with the support of
  other North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
  as well as non-NATO countries. Originally, the
  campaign was waged against al-Qaeda and other
  militant organizations with the purpose of
  eliminating them.
• The phrase War on Terror was first used by US
  President George W. Bush and other high-ranking
  US officials to denote a global military,
  political, legal and ideological struggle against
  organizations designated as terrorist and regimes
  that were accused of having a connection to them
  or providing them with support or were perceived,
  or presented as posing a threat to the US and its
  allies in general. It was typically used with a
  particular focus on militant Islamists and
  al-Qaeda.

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The War on Terror

• Pre - 9/11
• In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for
  Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC),
  sponsored by Osama bin Laden and later reformed
  as al-Qaeda, started forming a large base of
  operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist
  extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power
  that same year.
• Following the bombings of US embassies in Kenya
  and Tanzania, US President Bill Clinton launched
  Operation Infinite Reach, a bombing campaign in
  Sudan and Afghanistan against targets the US
  asserted were associated with WIFJAJC. The
  strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or
  the Taliban.
• Next came the 2000 millennium attack plots which
  included an attempted bombing of Los Angeles
  International Airport. In October 2000 the USS
  Cole bombing occurred, followed in 2001 by the
  September 11 attacks.

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The War on Terror

• The George W. Bush administration defined the
  following objectives in the War on Terror
• Defeat terrorists such as Osama bin Laden, Abu
  Musab al-Zarqawi and destroy their organizations
• Identify, locate and destroy terrorists along
  with their organizations
• Deny sponsorship, support and sanctuary to
  terrorists
• End the state sponsorship of terrorism
• Establish and maintain an international standard
  of accountability with regard to combating
  terrorism
• Strengthen and sustain the international effort
  to fight terrorism
• Work with willing and able states
• Enable weak states
• Persuade reluctant states
• Compel unwilling states
• Interdict and disrupt material support for
  terrorists
• Eliminate terrorist sanctuaries and havens

• Diminish the underlying conditions that
  terrorists seek to exploit
• Partner with the international community to
  strengthen weak states and prevent (re)emergence
  of terrorism
• Win the war of ideals
• Defend US citizens and interests at home and
  abroad
• Implement the National Strategy for Homeland
  Security
• Attain domain awareness
• Enhance measures to ensure the integrity,
  reliability, and availability of critical
  physical and information-based infrastructures at
  home and abroad
• Integrate measures to protect US citizens abroad
• Ensure an integrated incident management
  capability

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International Terrorism

• US and NATO-led military operations
• Operation Active Endeavour
• is a naval operation of NATO started in October
  2001 in response to the September 11 attacks. It
  operates in the Mediterranean Sea and is designed
  to prevent the movement of militants or weapons
  of mass destruction and to enhance the security
  of shipping in general. The operation has also
  assisted Greece with its prevention of illegal
  immigration.
• Operation Enduring Freedom
• the official name used by the Bush administration
  for the War in Afghanistan, together with three
  smaller military actions, under the umbrella of
  the Global War on Terror. These global operations
  are intended to seek out and destroy any al-Qaeda
  fighters or affiliates.

• Operation Anaconda
• Launched in March 2002 in the hopes that theyll
  destroy any remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban forces
  in the Shah-i-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains of
  Afghanistan. The Taliban suffered heavy
  casualties and evacuated the region.
• The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and
  began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive
  against Coalition forces in late 2002.Throughout
  southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights
  broke out between the surging Taliban and
  Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with
  a series of military offensives and an increase
  in the amount of troops in Afghanistan.
• Operation Moshtarak
• In February 2010, Coalition forces launched
  Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along
  with other military offensives in the hopes that
  they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once
  and for all.Peace talks are also underway between
  Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces

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Nato U.S. Operations

• Operation Enduring Freedom Horn of Africa
• Task Force 150 consists of ships from a shifting
  group of nations, including Australia, Canada,
  France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Pakistan,
  New Zealand and the United Kingdom.
• The primary goal of the coalition forces is to
  monitor, inspect, board and stop suspected
  shipments from entering the Horn of Africa region
  and affecting the US' Operation Iraqi Freedom.
• Included in the operation is the training of
  selected armed forces units of the countries of
  Djibouti, Kenya and Ethiopia in counter-terrorism
  and counter-insurgency tactics.
• Humanitarian efforts conducted by CJTF-HOA
  include rebuilding of schools and medical clinics
  and providing medical services to those countries
  whose forces are being trained.

• Operation Enduring Freedom Philippines
• In January 2002, the United States Special
  Operations Command, Pacific deployed to the
  Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces
  of the Philippines in combating Filipino Islamist
  groups.
• The operations were mainly focused on removing
  the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) and Jemaah Islamiyah
  (JI) from their stronghold on the island of
  Basilan.The second portion of the operation was
  conducted as a humanitarian program called
  "Operation Smiles." The goal of the program was
  to provide medical care and services to the
  region of Basilan as part of a "Hearts and Minds"
  program

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Iraq

• Operation Iraqi Freedom
• The Iraq War began in March 2003 with an air
  campaign, which was immediately followed by a
  U.S.-led ground invasion. The Bush administration
  stated the invasion was the "serious
  consequences" spoken of in the UNSC Resolution
  1441.
• Baghdad, Iraqs capital city, fell in April 2003
  and Saddam Husseins government quickly
  dissolved.
• On May 1, 2003, Bush announced that major combat
  operations in Iraq had ended.
• However, an insurgency arose against the
  U.S.-led coalition and the newly developing Iraqi
  military and post-Saddam government. The
  insurgency, which included al-Qaeda affiliated
  groups, led to far more coalition casualties than
  the invasion.
• Other elements of the insurgency were led by
  fugitive members of President Hussein's Ba'ath
  regime, which included Iraqi nationalists and
  pan-Arabists. Many insurgency leaders are
  Islamists and claim to be fighting a religious
  war to reestablish the Islamic Caliphate of
  centuries past.
• Iraqs former president, Saddam Hussein was
  captured by U.S. forces in December 2003. He was
  executed in 2006.

• In 2004, the insurgent forces grew stronger. The
  United States conducted attacks on insurgent
  strongholds in cities like Najaf and Fallujah.
• In January 2007, President Bush presented a new
  strategy for Operation Iraqi Freedom based upon
  counter-insurgency theories and tactics developed
  by General David Petraeus. The Iraq War troop
  surge of 2007 was part of this "new way forward"
  and, along with US backing of Sunni groups it had
  previously sought to defeat, has been credited
  with a widely recognized dramatic decrease in
  violence by up to 80.

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Iraq

• Operation New Dawn
• The war entered a new phase on September 1, 2010,
  with the official end of US combat operations.
  However, 50,000 US troops remain in an advise and
  assist role to provide support for Iraqi security
  forces.

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War on Terrors success?

• In addition, there have been several planned
  terrorist attacks that were not successful.
• 21 July 2005 London bombings and 2007 London car
  bombs
• 2006 Toronto terrorism plot
• 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot involving liquid
  explosives carried onto commercial airplanes
• 2007 Fort Dix attack plot
• 2009 Bronx terrorism plot
• 2009 New York Subway and United Kingdom Plot
• 2009 Christmas Bomb Plot
• 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt
• 2010 cargo plane bomb plot
• 2010 Portland car bomb plot

• Since 9/11, al-Qaeda and other radical Islamic
  groups have successfully executed major attacks
  in several parts of the world.
• 2002 Bali bombings in Indonesia
• Mike's Place suicide bombing in Israel
• 2003 Casablanca bombings and 2007 Casablanca
  bombings in Morocco
• 2003 Istanbul bombings in Turkey
• February 2004 Moscow metro bombing and 2010
  Moscow Metro bombings in Russia
• 2004 Madrid train bombings in Spain
• August 2004 Moscow metro bombing
• 7 July 2005 London bombings and 2007 Glasgow
  International Airport attack in the United
  Kingdom
• 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings in India
• 11 April 2007 Algiers bombings in Algeria
• 2007 Karachi bombing of Benazir Bhutto's
  motorcade and Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing in
  Pakistan
• 2008 Mumbai Terrorist Attacks in India
• Domodedovo International Airport bombing in
  Russia

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38
Americas Actions

• Reactions
• Political interest groups have stated that these
  laws remove important restrictions on
  governmental authority, and are a dangerous
  encroachment on civil liberties, possible
  unconstitutional violations of the Fourth
  Amendment.
• On July 30, 2003, the American Civil Liberties
  Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge
  against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming
  that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's
  First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights,
  and right to due process, by granting the
  government the right to search a person's
  business, bookstore, and library records in a
  terrorist investigation, without disclosing to
  the individual that records were being searched.
  Also, governing bodies in a number of communities
  have passed symbolic resolutions against the act.
• In a speech on June 9, 2005, Bush said that the
  USA PATRIOT Act had been used to bring charges
  against more than 400 suspects, more than half of
  whom had been convicted. Meanwhile the ACLU
  quoted Justice Department figures showing that
  7,000 people have complained of abuse of the Act.

• The USA PATRIOT Act
• of October 2001 dramatically reduces restrictions
  on law enforcement agencies' ability to search
  telephone, e-mail communications, medical,
  financial, and other records eases restrictions
  on foreign intelligence gathering within the
  United States expands the Secretary of the
  Treasurys authority to regulate financial
  transactions, particularly those involving
  foreign individuals and entities and broadens
  the discretion of law enforcement and immigration
  authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants
  suspected of terrorism-related acts.
• The act also expanded the definition of terrorism
  to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging the
  number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT
  Act's expanded law enforcement powers could be
  applied. A new Terrorist Finance Tracking Program
  monitored the movements of terrorists' financial
  resources (discontinued after being revealed by
  The New York Times newspaper). Telecommunication
  usage by known and suspected terrorists was
  studied through the NSA electronic surveillance
  program. The Patriot Act is still in effect.

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Activity Terrorism..how do we respond

• Four groups
• Read policy
• Present policy
• Decide best option or create option in groups and
  present

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Criticisms of the War on Terror

• The notion of a "war" against "terror" or
  "terrorism" has proven highly contentious, with
  critics charging that it has been exploited by
  participating governments to pursue long-standing
  policy objectives, reduce civil liberties, and
  infringe upon human rights.
• Some argue that the term war is not appropriate
  in this context, since they believe there is no
  identifiable enemy, and that it is unlikely
  international terrorism can be brought to an end
  by military means

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Abuse of Rights?

• One of the primary difficulties of implementing
  effective counter-terrorist measures is the
  waning of civil liberties and individual privacy
  that such measures often entail, both for
  citizens of, and for those detained by states
  attempting to combat terror. At times, measures
  designed to tighten security have been seen as
  abuses of power or even violations of human
  rights.
• Examples include
• In November 2003 Malaysia passed new
  counter-terrorism laws that were widely
  criticized by local human rights groups for being
  vague and overbroad. Critics claim that the laws
  put the basic rights of free expression,
  association, and assembly at risk. Malaysia
  persisted in holding around 100 alleged militants
  without trial, including five Malaysian students
  detained for alleged terrorist activity while
  studying in Karachi, Pakistan.
• In November 2003 a Canadian-Syrian national,
  Maher Arar, alleged publicly that he had been
  tortured in a Syrian prison after being handed
  over to the Syrian authorities by U.S.

• In December 2003 Colombia's congress approved
  legislation that would give the military the
  power to arrest, tap telephones and carry out
  searches without warrants or any previous
  judicial order.
• Images of unpopular treatment of detainees in US
  custody in Iraq and other locations have
  encouraged international scrutiny of US
  operations in the war on terror.
• Hundreds of foreign nationals remain in prolonged
  indefinite detention without charge or trial in
  Guantánamo Bay, despite international and US
  constitutional standards some groups believe
  outlaw such practices.

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Torturing Democracy

• Video
• Questions

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Where to go from here.

• Four Futures activity
• Groups read policy
• Present policies
• Assessment
• decide which policy is best and detail WHY!!!!!