This%20Presentation%20Developed%20By%20Drew%20R.%20Smith

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This Presentation Developed ByDrew R. Smith

• This presentation may be modified or reproduced
  by individual fire departments or training
  organizations provided it is not used to generate
  revenue or in any commercial manner.

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Welcome!
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Confined Space Trench Rescue Awareness
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Trench Rescue AwarenessSection
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Course Overview
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Scope

• First-in companies
• Identify hazards
• Describe initial tasks
• NOT team member training

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Length

• Confined Space - 4 hrs.
• Trench Rescue - 4 hrs.

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Requirements

• Firefighter II
• Course completion
• End-of-Course Examination
• State Written Examination

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Objectives

• As presented in class
• Describe the need for trench rescue awareness
  training
• Identify
• The content of the Rescue Awareness Course

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Identify

• The Office of the State Fire Marshal
  certification requirements.
• The OSHA definition of a trench.
• Ten hidden hazards associated with trench rescue.
• Four types of trench collapses.
• Six environmental factors which adversely effect
  trench stability.

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• The requirements imposed by the Illinois
  Department of Labor for persons involved in
  rescue operations.
• How the National Fire Protection Association,
  Illinois Department of Labor, Occupational Safety
  and Health Administration, ANSI and NIOSH all
  interface.
• The requirements of OSHA 29 CFR Part 1926 Subpart
  P - Excavations as it applies to rescue
  operations.

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• The requirements imposed by Illinois Department
  of Labor for persons involved in rescue
  operations.
• The three classes of soil.
• The methods of victim and rescuer protection.
• The principles of sloping a trench.
• The principles of trench shields.
• The principles of shoring.
• Four types of shoring.

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• The components of a shoring system.
• The personal protective equipment that is
  required for trench rescue.
• Required entry and retrieval systems.
• Air quality monitoring and control systems.
• The initial command operations at the scene of a
  trench rescue.
• The initial tasks of the first-in company at the
  scene of a trench rescue.

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• Phoenix
• Segment
• 1

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The NeedforTrench RescueTraining
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Trenches are a familiar sight

• Commonly seen occupied unprotected
• Public works routinely works in trenches
  performing maintenance and repair
• Private contractors routinely work in trenches
  installing new utilities such as water mains and
  electricity.

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Danger associated with them

• Once earth is disturbed, pressure begins to act
  on trench walls
• Sooner or later trenches will cave-in
• Impossible to predict
• Unprotected occupants are relying on luck

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• Rescues are rare
• Fortunately we dont deal with incidents often
• Dangerous due to lack of experience
• Limited funding for training equipment
• False sense of security
• Dangerous since most hazards are hidden

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OSHA

• Regulations covering trench operations when depth
  is 5 feet or more
• Regulations apply to rescue scenes

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Definition of a Trench

• An excavation which is deeper than it is wide and
  is less than 15 feet wide

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A trench according to OSHA
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Not a trench
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Hidden Hazards
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Types of collapses

• Slough-in
• Sidewall-in
• Shear-in
• Spoil-in

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Slough-in
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Sidewall-in
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Shear-inAKA Lip-in
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Spoil-in
To prevent a spoil-in the spoil pile is to be at
least 2 feet from the lip and laid back less than
45 degrees
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Environmental factors affecting trench stability
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Vibration

• Extremely dangerous
• Typical sources
• Roadways
• Railroads
• Digging operations
• Nearby construction/industry

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Superimposed loads

• Add weight stress to trench
• Examples
• Spoil pile
• Heavy equipment
• Work materials (cable, vaults, pipe)
• People

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Surface encumbrances

• Other structures whose support relies on the soil
  at or near the trench
• Examples
• Roadways
• Utility poles
• Foundations

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Wet soils/submerged soils

• Added weight
• Loss of friction
• Movement of water carrying soil
• Standing water undermining trench walls

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Exposure to elements

• Time - longer trench is open the more unstable it
  will be
• Sun and wind
• Freezing / Thawing

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Previously disturbed soils are common due to
trenches being located in easementsExcavation
within last 25 years makes soil previously
disturbed
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Buried utilities

• Must be located
• Often requires time-consuming hand digging
• Common problem since most trenches are located in
  easements
• OSHA requires that all utilities or other
  structures exposed in trenches be properly
  supported.

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Call JULIE 1-800-892-0123
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• Phoenix
• Segment
• 2

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Hazards
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Human nature

• Would-be rescuers jump in start digging
• Backhoe operators try to dig victim out

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Secondary collapses

• Walls are undermined from initial collapse
• Walls are often left more unstable than before
  initial collapse
• Often occur while quick rescue attempt is being
  made

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Weight of dirt

• 1 cubic foot of soil weights 90-145 pounds
• Average collapse is 1.5 cubic yards (4,000
  pounds..)
• Average worker buried under 2 feet of soil
• Total weight 3,000 pounds
• 1,000 pounds on chest area
• Worker suffocates due to inability to raise chest

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Speed of collapsing dirt

• Often less than 1/10 of a second
• Normal escapes methods ineffective
• Being pulled out with a rope
• Running out

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Rescues are usually long operations

• Commonly last 4-10 hours
• Victims must be completely uncovered before
  removed
• Often frozen in position
• Limbs commonly bent at odd angles
• Fractures are common

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Backhoes used for rescues

• Equipment is too powerful - cant tell a rock
  from a head
• Bucket too large inaccurate
• Operator will likely be excited
• Will have watched cave-in
• Will typically know the victim
• Vibration may cause additional collapses
• Weight of the backhoe

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• CASE STUDIES
• Incident when back hoe was used to try and dig
  out worker with legs straddling pipe
• Incident when backhoe was used to try and dig out
  worker on top of charged water pipe
• Incident where back hoe was used to pull on chain
  wrapped around worked

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Inadequate make-shift equipment

• Normally requires large timbers (trench 12 foot
  by 4 foot by 10 foot)
• 12 - 4x6x4 crossbraces
• 6 - 10x10x14 walers
• 48 - 4x6x13 uprights
• Timbers may be replaced by metal rams

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Contractors often ignore OSHA limits

• OSHA only provides regulations for trenches up to
  20 deep deeper requires special engineering
• Contractors who have ignored safety requirements
  may have also ignored the 20 limit

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Uncollapsed Trenches
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Fire Officers who do not follow procedures and
allow personnel to enter unshored trench may be

• Fined for not providing protection
• Receive major fines for injuries
• Possibly face criminal charges for deaths
• A party to a civil suit (be sued)

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• OSHA
• Regulations
• Video

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Regulations
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General

• Follow OSHA regulations
• 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P - Excavation
• Adopt equal or more stringent regulations

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Illinois

• Not an OSHA State
• Federal OSHA governs private federal
• IDOL governs state municipal employees
• Has adopted-by-reference Federal OSHA regulations
• 29 CFR Part 1926
• Illinois Register Section 350.280
• Failure to comply results in large fines

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Requirements
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Worker protection

• Options
• Sloping
• Shielding
• Shoring

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• Determined by
• Soil class
• Work space required
• Economic factors

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Escape routes

• No more than 25 travel distance
• Ladders must extend above trench be secured

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Air quality monitoring

• May be considered confined spaces if dug in areas
  where air is bad
• Should monitor all trenches to be safe

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Personal protective equipment

• At minimum
• Steel toed boots
• Fire boots
• Work shoes
• Head protection
• Fire helmets
• Hard hats

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Impact protection

• Maintain clearance for loose tools
• No workers operating near heavy equipment

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Stop logs or alarms for heavy equipment near
trench
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Other worker protection

• Reflective vests for traffic areas
• Protection for specific operations
• Eye protection
• Drowning protection
• Retrieval system

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Water Removal Systems

• Pumps
• Above ground level pumping
• Monitor air in trench for CO from pumps
• If contractor has a de-watering system going,
  keep it running unless it is necessary to shut it
  down for safety reasons

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Soil Classifications
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Classes

• Class A - cohesive soils, clay, soils with clay
• Class B - somewhat cohesive, but not as
• good as Class A
• Class C - sandy soils, gravel, wet soils

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Soil Classification Determined by a minimum of

• One visual method
• Once manual method

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Visual check

• LOOK
• At, In Around
• Trench for Soil Characteristics

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Manual methods

• Pocket penetrometer
• Scientific methods
• Plasticity determination using rolling
• Thumb penetration test

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Thumb penetration test

• No clumps or wet Class C
• Clumps or breaks apart with effort, thumb
  penetrates Class B
• Clumps or thumb only dents slightly Class A

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Adjustments to basic soil class

• Wet soils - Always Class C
• Layered soils
• Must use worst layers class
• Must lower one class if layers slop toward trench
• Fissured soils must lower one class
• Fissures may be on face or near trench
• Previously disturbed soils - must lower one class
• Vibration - must lower one class

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Principles Of Worker Protection
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Methods

• Sloping
• For departments with no equipment.
• Best for recovery, not rescue
• Shielding
• Shoring

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Sloping Principles

• Laying back soil to its Angle of Repose
• Requires opening a lot of land
• Only option in some soils

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Sloping a trench
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OSHA minimum angles

• Class A - 1/2 to 1 (67.5 degrees)
• Class B - 1 to 1 (45 degrees)
• Class C - 1.5 to 1 (22.5 degrees)

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Sloping a trench
Soil Class A B C
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Shielding principles

• Strong metal boxes designed to withhold the
  pressure of collapsing soil
• Must be engineered for size trench soil class
• Must be level with or extend above lip of
  trench.
• Must not be more than 2 up off the bottom
• Usually dragged down a trench - worker may be
  inside as long as no lifting is required

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Two basic types of shields

• Steel, non-adjustable
• Aluminum, adjustable
• Manual
• Hydraulic
• Pneumatic

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Shoring
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In General...

• Works by creating arch effect
• Strong enough to prevent soil from starting to
  move, but not strong enough to stop moving dirt

Strut pressurizes trench wall in all directions
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Elements

• Crossbrace (Struts)
• Uprights
• Walers - spreads pressure over additional uprights

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Sheeting

• Structural - extra uprights
• Close - side by side
• Tight - tongue groove
• Plywood
• For psychological effect margin of safety
• 1 1/8 plywood
• 3/4 Arctic white birch
• (AKA Finform or ShoreForm)

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• Basic system of FinForm Sheeting, Uprights,
  Struts

Actual Spacing Determined by Soil Class and OSHA
Chart
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Timber system with close sheeting
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Specific Types of Shores

• Timber
• Screw jack
• Pneumatic
• Hydraulic

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Timber shoring
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OSHA charts

• Six Tables In Appendix D of OSHA Regulation
• Tables C-1.1, C-1.2 and C-1.3 are for A, B C
  soil using Mixed Oak of actual dimensions (4 x
  6 4 x 6)
• Tables C-1.1, C-1.2 and C-1.3 are for A, B C
  soil using Douglas Fire of nominal dimensions (4
  x 6 31/2 x 51/2)

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• Charts applicable for trenches up to 20 deep
• Timber crossbraces are pressurized by large
  wedges
• Impractical for rescue
• Large number dimensions
• All custom cut (slow)
• Lumber yards dont always have in stock

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Screwjack shoring
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• Large screw pipe crossbraces
• Must be designed for trench
• OSHA does not have charts
• Must be cut to size

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Pneumatic shoring

• Air driven units
• Locking collar pin
• Limited working range
• Relies on OSHA timber charts for uprights walers

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Hydraulic shoring

• Hydraulic driven rams
• Only system which can be installed remotely
• Limited working range
• Large storage requirements
• Fast
• OSHA has charts
• Seldom requires walers

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Shoring installation

• If you must enter trench
• Install from top down
• Preferably one on each side
• Last piece in, is 1st piece out

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Rescue shoring vs... construction shoring

• Construction
• Straight walls
• Know dimensions needed
• Rescue
• Never straight walls
• Trench could be any dimension

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Completed Shoring in Trench Should Appear as
Follows
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Company Operations

• Establish a trench training program
• Make personnel aware of hazards
• Make personnel aware of tasks which can be
  performed safely
• Preplan
• Develop procedures for 1st-in companies
• Develop a response plan
• Resources
• Regionalization

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Initial Operations
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• Activate response plan
• Summon MABAS Special Rescue Team upon
  confirmation of collapse
• Initiate Incident Command System
• Prevent personnel from entering an unprotected
  trench
• Prevent use of heavy equipment
• Stop sources of vibration within 300

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• Set-up zones
• Cold
• Warm
• Hot

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• Hot Operations zone is within 15 feet of
  victim. No person allowed except rescuers
  approved by operations officer.
• Warm Control zone is within 50 feet of
  victim. All rescuer staging occurs in this area.
  No apparatus allowed in control zone.
• Cold Exclusion zone is 150 feet of victim.
  Apparatus and media are staged in this area.
  Public is held outside exclusion zone.

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• Cold
• Warm
• Hot

Perimeters designated by barricade tape or rope
and police guard
Zone distances may be adjusted as appropriate or
circumstances allow
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View trench by approaching from end

• Stay at least 10 feet away from incident site.
• Inspect trench for spoil pile location.
• Is it too close or steep?
• Inspect walls for signs of impending or recent
  failure

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• Use meter to check air quality
• Begin ventilation as necessary
• Determine electrical/mechanical hazards.

112

• Evaluate support needs for surface encumbrances
• Inspect and survey for buried utility problems
• Gas
• Water
• Sewer
• Electric
• Communications

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Attempt to locate and mark victims position

• Throw a rope to them if arms are free (have them
  tie themselves off if possible)
• Mark horizontal position within trench
• Measure record trench depth at victim
• Tape measure
• Pike pole or stick
• If no victim visible, mark soil level with an
  extinguisher

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Start moving superimposed loads 2 from lip -
hand shovel spoil pile
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Lay ground pads if available

• Use available lumber
• Protects lips
• Distributes loads
• 1/2-3/4 inch plywood ideal

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Partially buried victim/Rescue mode

• Affix tag line to victim. Never pull on tag line
  when victim is buried.
• Provide oxygen or SCBA to victim.
• Do not enter trench other than waist deep. If
  entering, must wear tag line and be on ladder.

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Prepare for injuries

• Fractures
• Lung injuries
• Head injuries
• Spinal injuries
• Respiratory system injuries
• Hypothermia
• Crush syndrome

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Call OSHACan provide technical assistance
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Following these basic procedures will result in a
safe and more efficient, expeditious rescue.
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• Phoenix
• Segment
• 3

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In Review...
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Trenches are a familiar sight
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There are dangers associated with them
124
An excavation wider than it is __________but no
wider than _________ feet is the OSHA definition
of a Trench
125
Many Hazards Are Hidden
126
There are 4 Types of Trench Collapses
127
Environmental factors affecting trench stability
128

• Vibration
• Superimposed loads
• Surface encumbrances
• Wet soils/submerged soils
• Exposure to elements

129

• Previously disturbed soils - common due to
  trenches being located in easements
• Buried utilities
• Secondary collapses

130
Weight Speed of Collapsing Dirt
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Rescues are usually long operations
132
Backhoes used for rescues generally spell
D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R!
133
Contractors often ignore OSHA limits
134
General

• Follow OSHA regulations
• Adopt equal or more stringent regulations
• Illinois is not an OSHA State, But...

135
Basic Requirements

• Escape routes
• Air quality monitoring

136
Soil Classifications
137
Determined By
138
Adjustments to basic soil class
139
Principles Of Worker Protection

• Sloping
• Shielding
• Shoring

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Shoring

• Works by creating arch effect
• Strong enough to prevent soil from starting to
  move, but not strong enough to stop moving dirt

141

• Sheeting
• Timber
• Screwjack
• Pneumatic
• Hydraulic

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Rescue shoring vs.Construction shoring
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Initial Operations

• Activate response plan ICS MABAS
• Prevent personnel from entering an unprotected
  trench

144

• Prevent use of heavy equipment
• Stop sources of vibration within 300
• Set-up zones
• Attempt to locate and mark victims position

145

• Start moving superimposed loads 2 from lip
• Evaluate support needs for surface encumbrances
• Lay ground pads if available
• Monitor air quality

146

• Prepare for injuries
• Call OSHA

147

• Trench collapse rescue is serious business!

Mistakes could get you dead Dont screw around!