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Pregnancy and Childbirth

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Title: Pregnancy and Childbirth


1
Pregnancy and Childbirth
2
The Beginning of the Life Cycle
  • Fertilization or Conception
  • the process of the sperm cell joining with the
    egg.
  • This process occurs in the fallopian tube and
    within seconds, the surface of the egg changes so
    that no more sperm can enter the egg.

3
The Beginning of the Life Cycle
  • Zygote
  • the united egg and sperm. The zygote travels
    through the fallopian tube and begins to divide.
  • Embryo
  • the two-cell stage that lasts about 9 weeks
    after fertilization.

4
The Beginning of the Life Cycle
  • Blastocyst
  • a hollow, spherical structure made up of 50-100
    cells, formed when an embryo divides and grows.
  • After 5 days after fertilization, the blastocyst
    has reached the uterus.
  •  
  • Implantation
  • the process in which the blastocyst attaches
    itself to the wall of the uterus.

5
Development in the Uterus
  • After implantation, development continues in the
    uterus.
  • Three structures-the amniotic sac, placenta, and
    umbilical cord-protect and nourish the developing
    embryo, and later the fetus.

6
Development in the Uterus
  • Amniotic Sac
  • fluid filled bag of thin tissue. The sac
    continues to grow in size as the embryo grows.
  • Inside the sac, the embryo floats
  • in amniotic fluid.
  • Placenta
  • the structure that holds the embryo to the wall
    of the uterus.
  • Within the placenta, oxygen and nutrients move
    from the mothers blood into tiny blood vessels
    that lead to the embryo.

7
Development in the Uterus
  • Umbilical Cord
  • the ropelike structure that connects the embryo
    and the placenta.
  • This cord is the embryos lifeline.
  • It carries nutrients and oxygen from the placenta
    to the embryo and wastes from the embryo to the
    placenta.

8
Development in the Uterus
  • The Growing Embryo
  • during the first 2 months of development, the
    major body systems and organs start to form.
  • By the end of these 8 weeks, the embryo is about
    an inch long.

9
Development in the Uterus
  • The Fetus
  • a developing human from the third month until
    birth.
  • During these months, the fetus begins to move and
    kick.
  • The size of the fetus will also increase
    significantly.
  • By the end of the ninth month, the fetus is ready
    to be born.

10
Development in the Uterus
11
A Healthy Pregnancy
  • Proper nutrition consuming about 300 more
    calories a day
  • Important nutrients folic acid, protein,
    calcium, iron, vitamin A and B complex
  • Exercise

12
A Healthy Pregnancy
  • Avoid alcohol and other drugs (tobacco, OTC,
    prescription, and illegal drugs)
  • Avoid environmental hazards (x-rays, lead,
    mercury and cat litter)
  • Prenatal Care
  • medical care during pregnancy

13
Prenatal Care
  • Ultrasound
  • high-frequency sound waves used to create an
    image of a developing fetus.
  • This allows the doctor to tell the age of the
    fetus, whether it is a boy or a girl and if the
    heart, muscles, and bones are developing
    normally.
  • Chronic Villus Sampling (CVS)
  • a prenatal test in which a piece of the
    developing placenta is removed to detect
    inherited disorders in the embryo.

14
Prenatal Care
  • Amniocentesis
  • a prenatal test in which a small amount of
    amniotic fluid is removed and tested for
    abnormalities.
  • CVS and Amniocentesis are both optional tests
    that are performed when the fetus is at high risk
    for a genetic disorder or if the mother is over
    the age of 35.

15
Complications during Pregnancy
  • Ectopic pregnancy
  • the blastocyst implants in the fallopian tube
    instead of the uterus.
  • Miscarriage
  • the death of an embryo or fetus in the first 20
    weeks of pregnancy.

16
Complications during Pregnancy
  • Preeclampsia
  • a serious condition characterized by high blood
    pressure, swelling of the wrists and ankles, and
    high levels of protein in the urine.
  • This condition can prevent the fetus from getting
    enough oxygen.
  •  

17
Complications during Pregnancy
  • Gestational Diabetes
  • diabetes that develops in pregnant women.
  • It is marked by high blood sugar levels in the
    mother and excess blood sugar can pass to the
    fetus, which could cause the fetus to grow too
    large and increase the risk of a difficult birth.

18
ChildbirthThe Birth Process
  • Labor
  • the work performed by the mothers body to push
    the fetus out.
  • May last from about 2-24 hours or longer
  • Strong contractions of the uterus cause the
    cervix to dilate
  • Contractions may be minutes apart, lasting 30-90
    seconds
  • Near the end of this stage, the amniotic sac
    breaks and the cervix becomes softer and wide
    enough (10 cm) for the fetus to pass through

19
ChildbirthThe Birth Process
  • Delivery of the Baby
  • This stage can take from half an hour to more
    than 2 hours
  • Contractions of the uterus continue
  • Appearance of the head first, known as crowning

20
ChildbirthThe Birth Process
  • The baby is pushed out
  • Umbilical cord is cut and clamped
  • Babys nose and mouth are suctioned to remove
    mucus
  • Eye drops are given to prevent infection

21
ChildbirthThe Birth Process
  • Delivery of the Afterbirth
  • Contractions of the uterus push out the remainder
    of the umbilical cord and the placenta
  • This stage typically takes about 15-30 minutes

22
Postpartum Period
  • a period of adjustment for the parents and their
    newborn that occurs for the first 6 weeks after
    the birth.
  • Changes for the newborn
  • Lungs are functioning for the first time
  • Baby is now getting oxygen from the air
  • Nervous system is experiencing new sensations
  • Bonding with mother and father

23
Postpartum Period
  • Changes for the mother
  • Hormone levels signal the breasts to produce milk
    and cause the uterus to gradually shrink back to
    its normal size.
  • Hormone changes and fatigue can cause feelings of
    being overwhelmed or sadness.
  • Extreme sadness or withdrawal from the baby that
    lasts longer is known as postpartum depression.

24
Complications at Birth
  • Stillbirth
  • occurs when a fetus dies and is expelled from the
    body after the twentieth week of pregnancy.
  • Cesarean Section
  • is a surgical method of birth.
  • The doctor makes an incision in the lower abdomen
    into the uterus. The baby and placenta are then
    removed.

25
Complications at Birth
  • Premature birth
  • delivery of a live baby before the 37th week of
    pregnancy.
  • Low birthweight
  • a newborn that weighs less than 5.5 pounds at
    birth.
  • Premature and low birthweight babies face an
    increased risk of health problems.
  •  

26
Multiple Births
  • Identical Twins
  • Are twins that develop from a single fertilized
    egg.
  • The embryo divides into two identical embryos.
  • Identical twins have the same inherited traits
    and are the same sex.

27
Multiple Births
  • Fraternal Twins
  • When two eggs are released from the ovary and are
    fertilized by two sperm.
  • Fraternal twins are no more alike than any other
    siblings, and they may or may not be the same
    sex.

28
Multiple Births
  • Triplets or More
  • Triplets, quadruplets, and other multiple births
    are less common than twins.
  • The number of births with three or more babies
    has increased over the last 25 years.
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