Advances in Communications

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Advances in Communications Reliability of Power
and Control Systems

• Presented by
• John S. Levine, P.E.
• Levine Lectronics and Lectric, Inc.
• 770 565-1556
• John_at_L-3.com

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Are you frustrated?

• Ever had problems getting on the network?
• Ever had problems getting on the web?
• How can a person with an Apple Computer send you
  an email when you use Microsoft Outlook?
• Why cant I talk to these relays?

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This is all part of Communications!

• All these questions will hopefully be answered
  and more because

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Overview of Topics to be covered

• Basics
• Ethernet
• Protocols
• HMI

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Basics

• Introduction
• Parallel
• Serial
• Parity Error
• Network
• Standards
• OSI Model

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Introduction
7
Formatting
Word Could be 16,32, or 64 bits

• Group Address Description
• Current 0300 Phase A Current
• 0301 Phase B Current
• 0302 Phase C
  Current
• 030D Phase A
  Differential
• 030E Phase B
  Differential
• 030F Phase C
  Differential

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Parallel
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Serial
Baud Rate A measure of how fast serial data is
moving between devices per second. 2 common
levels are 19, 200 BPS and 9,600 BPS and now
115,200 BPS
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Serial Communications

• Physical Layer
• RS 232
• RS 485
• USB

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RS 232
Slew Rate Speed we can go from -25 V to 25 V,
limits baud rate DTE Data Terminal Equipment DCE
Data Communication Equipment
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RS 485
conductors are electrically floating
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Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port

• Up to 127 devices can connect to the host, either
  directly or by way of USB hubs.
• Individual USB cables can run as long as 5
  meters with hubs, devices can be up to 30 meters
  away from the host.
• With USB 2.,the bus has a maximum data rate of
  480 Mb per second.
• With USB 3.,the bus has a maximum data rate of
  4.80 Gb per second.
• A USB cable has two wires for power (5 volts and
  ground) and a twisted pair of wires to carry the
  data.
• On the power wires, the computer can supply up to
  500 milliamps of power at 5 volts.

Type A
Type B
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Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port
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IEEE 1394 Interface

• The IEEE 1394 interface is a serial bus interface
  standard for high-speed communications and
  isochronous real-time data transfer, frequently
  used in a personal computer (and digital audio
  and digital video). The interface is also known
  by the brand names of FireWire (Apple Inc.),
  i.LINK (Sony), and Lynx (Texas Instruments).
  Though not as widely used, the 1394 standard also
  defines a backplane interface.
• Firewire 400-Speeds from 100, 200, or 400 Mbits/s
  half-duplex
• Firewire S3200-Speeds up to 3200 Mbits/s
  half-duplex

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Network
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Network
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Network Topologies

• The network topology defines the way in which
  computers, printers, IEDs and other devices are
  connected
• A network topology describes the layout of the
  wire and devices as well as the paths used by
  data transmissions.
• Commonly, referred to as a linear bus, all the
  devices on a bus topology are connected by one
  single cable.

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PRP Parallel Redundant Protocol
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Standards
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• 2008 Proposed IEEE C37-2 Revision presented at
  Georgia Tech Relay Conference
• Copy at
• www.
• L-3.com/IEEE

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OSI Model
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• Developed in 1978, the Open System
  Interconnection has 7 layers each performing part
  of the communications.
• The physical level controls the physical
  connections between devices, network topology,
  voltage levels to define 0s and 1s.RS232,
  RS485, and USB are 3 examples
• Data link level provides framing
• Network determines optima routing IP of TCP/IP
  is based on this
• Transport level guarantees delivery and is error
  free the TCP of TCP / IP (Transport Control
  Protocol / Internet Protocol) is at transport
  level
• Session mechanism for the establishment of a
  communications session between applications
• Presentation correct translation of data
• Application provides the facilities or
  interface to allow the application protocols or
  drivers such as Modbus or DNP

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Ethernet

• Introduction
• 10/100/1000 Base T
• Hubs and Switches
• Fiber

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Introduction
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Ethernet in Devices
Relays do not use DHCP - Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol
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10/100 Base T
Max distance 100 meters or 328 feet
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10/100/1000 Base T
Cat 5 Cable Cat 5e Cable Cat 6 Cable (up to 250
Mhz) Cat 6A (Augmented-up to 500 Mhz)
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Power over Ethernet (POP)How does it work?
Note Which pin-out to use is determined by an
interrogation between the switch and the end
device. All wiring is STANDARD EtherNet.
RJ45 Socket Pin-out
RJ45 Connector Pin-out
Source - http//pinouts.ru/Net/poe_pinout.shtml
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Fiber
Power Budget
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Single and Multi Mode Fiber
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Single and Multi Mode Fiber
62.5 micrometers and now 50 micrometers
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Common Fiber Connectors
SC-Subscriber Connector
ST-Straight tip
Primary Ethernet Port
LC-Lucent Connector
Redundant Ethernet Port
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Traditional Switchyard Construction
Traditional Breaker Wiring
Traditional Cable Trench
Thousands of Copper Wires from Switchyard
Labor Intensive Copper Wiring on Relay Panels
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Hard Fiber Eliminating Complexity
40 less cabling with no terminations required
1,000s of wires replaced with few communication
cables
Eliminates 33 of breaker terminations
Eliminate 90 of control building terminations
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Hubs and Switches
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Managed Switches

• Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) a set
  of protocols for managing network performance,
  finding and solving network problems, and
  planning for network growth
• Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
  configures broadcast message behavior
• Virtual LAN (VLAN) a network of computers that
  behave as if they are connected to the same wire
  even though they may actually be physically
  located on different segments of a LAN
• Quality of service (QoS) Allows prioritization
  of packets to occur or improve performance for
  key channels
• Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) algorithm to
  prevent wiring topology mistakes or create
  redundancy in a network

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Industrial Switches for the Plant Floor
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Hubs and Switches
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Wireless

• This is where the future is. Products are now
  being designed with Wireless build into the
  device.
• Regulated and unregulated frequencies
• 900 Mhz
• 2400 Mhz
• 1800 / 3650 / 5800 Mhz
• Different speeds depending on the application
• As the Frequency goes up, the distance goes down

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(No Transcript)
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Router

• Definition from Wikipedia - A router is a
  computer networking device that forwards data
  packets across a network toward their
  destinations, through a process known as routing.
  Routing occurs at Layer 3 (the network layer i.e.
  Internet Protocol (IP) of the OSI seven-layer
  protocol stack.

Wikipedia and Linux are written collaboratively
by volunteers and are open source and free.
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Other Computer Networking Devices

• Gateway device sitting at a network node for
  interfacing with another network that uses
  different protocols. Works on OSI layers 4 to 7.
• Bridge a device that connects multiple network
  segments along the data link layer. Works on OSI
  layer 2.
• Repeater device to amplify or regenerate digital
  signals received while setting them from one part
  of a network into another. Works on OSI layer 1.

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Other Terms

• PRP Parallel Redundancy Protocol Two
  completely separate Lans going to the same device
• Bandwidth max data transfer rate
• Server - computer programs running to serve the
  requests of other programs, the "clients
• VPN Virtual Private Network
• RSTP - Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol determines
  the path the message will take between 2 nodes

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Other Terms

• IRIG-B Time code accurate to 10 ms
• SNTP Simple Network Time Protocol typically 1
  to 2 ms
• PTP (Presion time Protocol) time distribution
  technologies sub-microsecond accuracy
• QoS- Quality of Service Overall performance of
  the network

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Proxy, Firewall, and Port

• Proxy computer network service which allows
  clients to make indirect network connections to
  other network services
• Firewall a piece of hardware or software put on
  the network to prevent some communications
  forbidden by the network policy
• Computer port (hardware) - a physical interface
  between a computer and other computers or devices
  (COM1)
• Computer port (software) - a virtual data
  connection between computer programs possibly
  through a computer network

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Firewalls
From a Linksys router
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Relays at L-3
Wan I.P Firewall Port Technology LAN IP LAN Port Slave Address Device
172.165.187.153 502 Relays 192.168.10.240 502 254 F60
172.165.187.153 503 Relays 192.168.10.241 502   Multinet
172.165.187.153 503 Relays 192.168.10.241 502 1 PQM II
172.165.187.153 503 Relays 192.168.10.241 502 3 SPM
172.165.187.153 503 Relays 192.168.10.241 502 45 745
172.165.187.153 503 Relays 192.168.10.241 502 89 489
172.165.187.153 504 Relays 192.168.10.242 502 242 469
172.165.187.153 505 Relays 192.168.10.243 502 243 760
172.165.187.153 506 Relays 192.168.10.244 502 249 MM300
172.165.187.153 507 Relays 192.168.10.245 502 13 T60
172.165.187.153 508 Relays 192.168.10.246 502 2 369
172.165.187.153 509 Relays 192.168.10.247 502 254 350
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Serial to Ethernet Converters
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Serial to Ethernet Converters
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Adding Devices to a Network

• Static IP address 3.94.244.1 for device
• Subnet 255.255.255.0 for network
• Go to Network and Sharing Center
• Change adapter settings
• Right click for properties

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Adding Devices to a Network
DNS - Domain Name System, Internet system to
translate names into IP addresses IP v4 and IP
v6 (8 groups of 4 hex digits 0db8200185a30000
00008a2a03707334)
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Checking IP Address
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Checking IP Address
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Other useful Dos Command

• ipconfig /release
• ipconfig /renew
• ipconfig /all (gives you IP and MAC address)
• ping -t
• tracert
• exit
• You can hit F3 to go to the previous dos command
• Or you can hit the up arrow to go back to
  previous dos commands

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ping
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tracert

• Black list and White list
• Gray list

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Useful Internet Sites and Programs

• www.Dnsstuff.com - can use to find if a web
  site is getting blocked or who owns it.
• www.Speakeasy.net/speedtest/ - Can use for a
  speed test
• www.Spinrite.com Can use to check for leaks in
  your firewall
• http//www.kloth.net/services/nslookup.php get
  the IP address for a I.P. name.
• www.whatismyip.com your WAN IP
• Wireshark - http//www.wireshark.org/

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Wireshark
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Protocols

• Modbus
• Modbus Plus
• DNP
• DeviceNet and EtherNet/IP
• Profibus and Profinet
• Direct I/O
• IEC 61850
• Hart
• BACnet
• EtherCat
• Protocol Converters

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Modbus

• Can be communicated via RS 232, RS485, 10/100
  Base T, and 10/100 Base F
• Is half-duplex serial in all configurations
• Uses a master and slaves
• Data is stored in registers

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Modbus Plus

• Proprietary protocol
• Can be communicated via RS485. Uses a
  peer-to-peer token exchange type network.
  Multi-Master.
• Global data can be sent with the token.
• 64 nodes per network, can Bridge networks.
• Speeds up to 1 MB
• Up to 1800 meters with repeaters

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Digital Network Protocol (DNP 3)

• Developed by GE Harris can time stamp data
• Scalable
• Has Client (computer) and server (device)
• Also called Master and Slave
• Can poll for change
• Can set up for Unsolicited messaging from server
• Can provide only changed values.
• Can Prioritize messages

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Digital Network Protocol (DNP 3)
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DeviceNet (serial) EtherNet/IP (Ethernet
Industrial Protocol)

• Based on the Controller Area Network protocol
  (CAN)
• Managed by the Open DeviceNet Vendors Association
• Bus Topology at 24 VDC
• Baud rates of 125, 250, and 500 Kbps
• Can have up to 64 nodes on a single local network
• DeviceNet uses abstract OOT (Object-Oriented
  Technique)
• objects
• class
• instances
• attributes

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DeviceNet
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Profibus (serial)Profinet (ethernet)

• Profibus (Process Field Bus)
• Profibus-DP (Decentralized Periphery)
• Profibus -FMS (Fieldbus Message Specification)
• Profibus -PA (Process Automation)
• Profinet Ethernet based Field network

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Profibus
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Profibus
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Profibus
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Direct I/O

• 4 interface standards can be used
• IEEE 37.94, Fiber, RS422, and G.703

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Direct I/O

• Great for a Main Tie Main application

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IEC 61850

• Designed as a universal plug and play between
  manufactures
• Uses descriptions instead of registers
• Generic Object Oriented Substation Event
  Messaging (GOOSE Messaging)
• Ethernet is required as part of IEC 61850

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IEC 61860
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IEC 61850 Applications

• Breaker Failure Initiate to Other Breaker
• Broadcast a Trip Message to All Feeder Breakers
• (Bus Differential)
• High Speed Bus Transfer (M-T-M)
• Switching Set Groups
• Upstream Relay Tripping Blocking
• Bus Protection
• Relay Voting
• Reclose Initiation
• Load Shedding
• KW or KVA Load Shedding
• Underfrequency Load Shedding
• Transfer Tripping
• Remote Start/Stop Commands

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Hart

• HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer)
  Protocol is the global standard for sending and
  receiving digital information across analog wires
  between smart devices and control or monitoring
  system.

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BACnet

• BACnet (Building Automation and Control) was
  developed in 1987 by a group of HVAC and Building
  Automation professionals as a standard, open
  protocol specifically for the building automation
  industry.  It is an ASHRAE, ANSI,
  and ISO standard protocol.
• Protocol
• The BACnet protocol defines a number of services
  that are used to communicate between building
  devices. The protocol services include Who-Is,
  I-Am, Who-Has, I-Have, which are used for Device
  and Object discovery. Services such as
  Read-Property and Write-Property are used for
  data sharing. The BACnet protocol defines a
  number of Objects that are acted upon by the
  services. The objects include Analog Input,
  Analog Output, Analog Value, Binary Input, Binary
  Output, Binary Value, Multi-State Input,
  Multi-State Output, Calendar, Event-Enrollment,
  File, Notification-Class, Group, Loop, Program,
  Schedule, Command, and Device.

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EtherCat

• EtherCat is an Ethernet based fieldbus system
  designed for extremely fast data update times in
  the range of lt 100 µs.
• The Standard Ethernet packet or frame is no
  longer received, interpreted, and copied as
  process data at every node. The EtherCAT slave
  devices read the data addressed to them while the
  telegram passes through the device, processing
  data "on the fly". Similarly, input data are
  inserted while the telegram passes through. A
  frame is not completely received before being
  processed instead processing starts as soon as
  possible. Sending also is conducted with a
  minimum delay of small bit times.

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Protocol or Gateway Converters
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Universal Gateway
There are Universal Gateways and controllers
that collects metering, status, event, and fault
report data from serial or LAN based Intelligent
substation devices. The Gateways summarizes data
from the substation devices and makes it
available locally/remotely through a standard
secure web browser (HTTPS).
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Human Machine Interface (HMI)

• Overview
• Plug and Play
• One-Line Viewer
• Annunciator
• OPC / DDE Server

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HMI Overview

• SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
• RTU Remote Terminal Unit
• It is now extremely easy and cost effective to
  view your devices without having to be in front
  of the relays.

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Plug and Play Viewpoint Monitoring
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Dashboard
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One-Line Viewer
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One-Line Editor
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Annunciator
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Automatic Event and Waveform Retrieval
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Trending Reports
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Comtrade Files
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OPC

• The OPC Foundation is an industry consortium that
  creates and maintains standards for open
  connectivity of industrial automation devices and
  systems. The OPC standards specify the
  communication of industrial process data, alarms
  and events, historical data and batch process
  data between sensors, instruments, controllers,
  software systems and notification devices.

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DDE

• Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) is a technology for
  communication between multiple applications under
  Microsoft Windows and OS/2.
• Microsoft Excel has a DDE server you can open a
  Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and fill it with
  data, by opening a DDE conversation with Excel
  and sending it DDE commands.

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OPC / DDE Server
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Sources of Information

• GE Multilin Communications Training CD
• http//www.wikipedia.org/
• http//www.profibus.com/wbt/en/wbt1/
• http//www.odva.org/
• http//www.dnp.org/
• http//www.gedigitalenergy.com/resources.htm

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• Website
• www.L-3.com

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Thank You
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• C\Users\john.L3.000gtnetstat -an find "LIS"
• TCP 0.0.0.021 0.0.0.00
  LISTENING
• TCP 0.0.0.0135 0.0.0.00
  LISTENING
• TCP 127.0.0.12002 127.0.0.142628
  ESTABLISHED
• TCP 127.0.0.12559 0.0.0.00
  LISTENING
• TCP 192.168.10.10123501
  192.168.10.8143509 ESTABLISHED
• TCP 192.168.10.10123505
  192.168.10.8143509 ESTABLISHED
• TCP 192.168.10.10123519
  173.165.161.166655 ESTABLISHED