CHAPTER%204%20Social%20Structure

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CHAPTER 4Social Structure

• Section 1 Building Blocks of Social Structure
• Section 2 Types of Social Interaction
• Section 3 Types of Societies
• Section 4 Groups Within Society
• Section 5 The Structure of Formal Organizations

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Objectives
Section 1 Building Blocks of Social Structure

• Identify and describe the two major components of
  social structure.
• Analyze how these two components of social
  structure affect human interaction.

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Major Components of Social Structure
Section 1 Building Blocks of Social Structure

• Status
• Role

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Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
Section 1 Building Blocks of Social Structure

• Peoples particular roles and statuses affect how
  they relate to one another.

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Key terms

• Social Structure Network of interrelated
  statuses and roles that guides human
  interactions.
• Status Socially defined positions in a group in
  a society.
• Role Behavior the rights and obligations
  expected of someone occupying a particular
  status.
• Ascribed Status Status assigned according to
  standards that are beyond a persons control.
  Age, sex, family history and race are examples.

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Key Terms
(continued)

• Achieved Status Status acquired by an
  individual on the basis of some special skill,
  knowledge, or ability.
• Master Status Status that plays the greatest
  role in shaping a persons life and determining
  his or her social identity.
• Reciprocal Roles Corresponding roles that
  define the patterns of interactions between
  related statuses.
• Role Expectations Socially determined behaviors
  expected of a person performing a role.

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Key Terms
(continued)

• Role Performance Actual behavior of a person
  performing a role.
• Role Set different roles attached to a single
  status.
• Role Conflict- Situation that occurs when
  fulfilling the expectation of one role makes it
  difficult to fulfill the expectations of another
  role.
• Role Strain Situation that occurs when a person
  has difficulty meeting the expectations of a
  single role.

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putting out fires, saving lives, wearing a uniform
voluntarily puts self in danger but has loved
ones who need him or her
fire fighter
mother
work fatigue and long shifts make household tasks
and interactions difficult
providing food and shelter, nurturing family,
disciplining children
P.T.A. president
running meetings, recruiting new members,
planning activities
has trouble getting members to attend and follow
through on promises
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Objectives
Section 2 Types of Social Interaction

• Identify the most common types of social
  interaction.
• Distinguish between types of interactions that
  stabilize social structure and those that can
  disrupt it.

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Common Types of Social Interaction
Section 2 Types of Social Interaction

• Exchange interacting in an effort to receive a
  reward or a return for ones actions
• Competition two or more people or groups in
  opposition to achieve a goal that only one can
  attain
• Conflict the deliberate attempt to control a
  person by force, to oppose someone else, or to
  harm another person

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Common Types of Social Interaction
Section 2 Types of Social Interaction
(continued)

• Cooperation two or more people or groups
  working together to achieve a goal that will
  benefit more than one of them
• Accommodation a state of balance between
  cooperation and conflict

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• Social Institution System of statuses, roles,
  values, and norms that is organized to satisfy
  one or more of the basic needs of society.
• Exchange Theory Theory that holds that people
  are motivated by self-interests in their
  interactions
• Reciprocity Idea that if you do something for
  someone, they owe you something in return.
• Georg Simmel Sociologist Identified four
  sources of conflict.
• A. War B. Disagreement with in groups
  C.
  Legal Disputes D. Clashes over Ideology

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Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Section 2 Types of Social Interaction

• Competition and Conflict disrupt social
  stability
• Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
  stabilize social stability

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Objectives
Section 3 Types of Societies

• Identify and describe the types of societies that
  exist in the world today.
• Explain the roles individuals play in these
  models of group systems.

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Types of Societies
Section 3 Types of Societies

• Preindustrial food production is the main
  economic activity and can be subdivided according
  to the level of technology and the method of
  producing food
• Industrial emphasis shifts from the production
  of food to the production of manufactured goods
  made possible by changes in production methods
• Postindustrial much of the economy is involved
  in providing information and services

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Roles of Individuals
Section 3 Types of Societies
Section 3 Types of Societies

• Roles related to
• Leadership
• Family
• Work

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Section 3 Types of Societies
agricultural
hunting and gathering pastoral
horticultural mechanical solidarity
manufacturing
urban technology
organic solidarity
information provision of services
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Section 3 Types of Societies
Group Set of two or more people who interact on
the basis of shared expectations and who possess
some degree of common identity. Preindustrial
Society - Type of societies in which food
productions- carried out through the use of human
and animal labor is the main economic
activity. Subsistence Strategies Ways in which
a society uses technology to provide for the
needs of its members. Hunting and Gathering
Societies Type of society characterized by the
daily collection of wild plants and the hunting
of wild animals as the main form of subsistence.
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Section 3 Types of Societies
Pastoral Society Type of society characterized
by a reliance on domesticated herd animals as the
main form of subsistence. Horticultural Society
Type of society characterized by a reliance on
vegetables grown in garden plants as the main
form of subsistence. Agricultural Society Type
of society characterized by the use of draft
animals and plows in the tilling of
fields. Industrial Societies Type of Society in
which the mechanized production of goods is the
main economic activity.
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Section 3 Types of Societies
Postindustrial Society Type of society in which
economic activities centers on the production of
information and provision of services. Division
of Labor Specialization by individuals or
groups in the performance of specific economic
activities. Barter Practice of exchanging one
good for another. Urbanization Concentration of
the population in cities.
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Section 3 Types of Societies
Mechanical Solidarity Close-knit-social
relationships common in Preindustrial societies
that result when a small group of people share
values and perform the same task. (San,
Arapesh) Organic Solidarity Impersonal social
relationships, common in Industrial societies
that arise with increased job specialization. Geme
inschaft Societies in which most members know
one another, relationships are close, and
activities center on the family and the
community. Gesellschaft Societies in which
social relationships are based upon need rather
than on emotions, relationships are impersonal
and temporary and individual goals are more
important than group goals.
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Objectives
Section 4 Groups Within Society

• Summarize the major features of primary and
  secondary groups.
• Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.

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Features of Primary Groups
Section 4 Groups Within Society

• Interact over a long period of time on a direct
  and personal basis
• Entire self of the individual is taken into
  account
• Relationships are intimate and face-to-face

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Features of Secondary Groups
Section 4 Groups Within Society

• Interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature
• Involve a reaction to only a part of the
  individuals self
• Casual and limited to personal involvement

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Purposes of Groups
Section 4 Groups Within Society

• Select leaders people that influence the
  attitudes and opinions of others
• Define their boundaries so that members can
  tell who belongs and who does not
• Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
• Control their members behavior if members
  violate groups norms, the group cannot survive
  long

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Section 4 Groups Within Society

• Aggregate Groups of people gathered in the same
  place at the same time who lack organization or
  lasting patterns of interactions.
• Social Category Group of people who share a
  common trait or status.
• Dyad Group with two members.
• Triad Three- person group.
• Small Group Group with few enough numbers that
  everyone is able to interact on a face to face
  basis

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Section 4 Groups Within Society

• Formal Group A group in which the structure,
  goals, and activities of the group are clearly
  defined.
• Informal Group A group in which there is no
  official structure or established rules of
  conduct.
• Primary Group Small group of people who
  interact over a relatively long period of time on
  a direct and personal basis.
• Secondary Group Group in which interaction is
  impersonal and temporary in nature.

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Section 4 Groups Within Society

• Reference Group Any group with whom individuals
  identify and whos attitudes and values they
  often adopt.
• In-Group Group that an individual belongs to
  and identifies with.
• Out-Group Any group that an individual does not
  belong to or identify with.
• E-Community A community of people who interact
  through the internet or other electronic
  communications.
• Social Network Web relationship that is formed
  by the sum total of an individual's interactions
  with other people.

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Section 4 Groups Within Society

• Leaders People who influence the attitudes and
  opinions of others.
• Instrumental Leaders Leaders who are task-
  oriented.
• Expressive Leaders Leaders who are emotion-
  oriented

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Objectives
Section 5 The Structure of Formal Organizations

• Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.

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Section 5 The Structure of Formal Organizations

• Formal Organization Large, complex secondary
  group that has been established to achieve
  specific goals. (Examples Schools, businesses,
  political and religious and youth organizations,
  and labor unions)
• Bureaucracy Ranked authority structure that
  operates according to specific rules and
  procedures.
• Rationality The process of subjecting every
  feature of human behavior to calculations,
  measurement, and control.
• Voluntary Association Non profit association
  formed to pursue some common interest.
• Iron Law of Oligarchy Tendency of organizations
  to become increasingly dominated by small groups
  of people.

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Webers Model
Section 5 The Structure of Formal Organizations

• Division of Labor- Work is divided among
  specialist in various positions. Each specialist
  is expected to perform specific duties.
• Ranking of Authority- There are clear cut lines
  of responsibility, and each individual is
  responsible to a supervisor at a higher level.
• Employment based on formal qualifications-
  Specific qualifications are required for each
  job. Individuals are hired based upon tests,
  education or previous experience. (In a
  bureaucracy, the job not the job holder is
  important. Therefore everybody is replaceable).

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Webers Model
Section 5 The Structure of Formal Organizations
(continued)

• Rules and regulations- There are objective rules,
  regulations, and routine procedures that identify
  the exact responsibilities and authority of each
  person on staff.
• Specific lines of promotion and advancement- It
  is assumed that employees expect a career with
  the organization. Thus there are clear-cut lines
  of promotion and advancement. Among the rewards
  for remaining with the organization are job
  security and seniority.

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(CEO, Superintendent, president, etc.)
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Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Section 5 The Structure of Formal Organizations

• Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
  people, defining tasks and rewards
• Provides stability
• Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
  result in oligarchies
• In some instances, rewards incompetence and
  expands uncontrollably

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CHAPTER 4
Chapter Wrap-Up
1. How can a persons status differ from his or
her role? 2. How does role conflict affect groups
and individuals? How can it be resolved? 3. What
are the five most common forms of interaction
recognized by sociologists? 4. Identify and
describe the three broad categories of societies
used by sociologists. 5. How do the roles of
group members differ between primary and
secondary groups? 6. What, according to Max
Webers model, are the major characteristics of a
bureaucracy? 7. What weaknesses influence the
effectiveness of bureaucracies?
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CHAPTER 4
Essay Questions

• Define bureaucracy, identify the five
  characteristics of a bureaucracy, and then
  explain which of the five characteristics is most
  related to The Peter Principle.
• 2. Identify six types of societies and describe
  the subsistence strategy of each society.