Warm Up- pick up notes off of the overhead. Get out homework

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• Warm Up- pick up notes off of the overhead. Get
  out homework

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Warm UP- On a separate pieces of paper identify
these parts of the eye and then tell me how we
see using these words. You are handing this in
DO NOT JUST COPY YOUR NOTES

• Retina
• Rods
• Cones
• Thalamus
• Occipital cortex
• Optic Nerve
• Fovea

• Transduction
• Cornea
• Pupil
• Iris
• Lens
• Accommodation

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Chapter 5 Sensation pt. 2
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Mariachi or Old Folks
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3 Faces In One
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9 People?

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Old Man or Lovers Kissing
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A Young Woman or
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A Grouchy Clown
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A Clown
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Or a Circus
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Color Constancy

• Human Beings maintain Color Constancy
  perceiving familiar objects as having consistent
  color, even if lighting changes to alter the
  wavelength given off by the object.

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Context Affects Color

• We only retain color constancy when the context
  remains the same.
• Same color will look different when compared in
  different contexts.

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Sense 2 Hearing (Audition)

• The loudness of a sound is determined by a waves
  amplitude (height.)
• The frequency, number of complete wavelengths
  that pass a point in a given time, determines the
  sounds pitch the tones highness or lowness.

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Hearing Threshold
Hearing is measured in decibels. Zero decibels
is considered the threshold of hearing.
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Parts of the Ear

• Outer Ear
• Job Gather sound waves to eardrum.
• Parts auditory canal and eardrum.
• Middle Ear
• Job To Amplify and concentrate the vibrations
  onto cochleas oval window.
• Parts Ossicles, made up of three tiny bones
  hammer, anvil, and stirrup (malleus, incus, and
  stapes)
• Inner Ear
• Job To change sound waves into neural impulses
• Parts Oval Window, Cochlea, Basilar Membrane,
  Hair Cells.

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Process of Hearing

1. Your outer ear channels sound waves to the
   eardrum or tympanum.
2. Your eardrum vibrates with sound waves
3. This causes 3 tiny bones called the ossicles (the
   hammer, anvil and the stirrup) of your middle ear
   to vibrate

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Process of Hearing

• 4. The vibrating stirrup pushes against the oval
  window of the cochlea in the inner ear. The
  cochlea is fluid filled and waves are created.
• 5. Inside the cochlea is a basilar membrane with
  hair cells that are bent by the vibrations and
  are transduced into a neural impulse

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Process of Hearing

• 6. Hair cells synapse with auditory neuron whose
  axons form the auditory nerve
• 7. The auditory nerve transmits sound messages
  though your medulla, pons and thalamus to the
  auditory cortex of the temporal lobe.
• What cell is triggers neural impulses in the eye?

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Inner Ear and Vestibular Sense

• The semicircular canals are connected to the
  cochlea by the vestibular sacs.
• The semicircular canals contain substance that
  move when our head rotates or tilts and allows us
  to maintain our vestibular sense sense of our
  body movement and position

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How Do We Perceive Pitch 2 Theories

• Hemholtzs Place Theory argues we hear
  different pitches because different sound waves
  trigger activity at different places in the
  cochleas membraneeasily explains high pitches
  since these pitches are highly localized.
• Frequency Theory We sense pitch by the basilar
  membrane in cochlea vibrating at the same rate as
  the sound. Explains low pitch well.
• Volley Principle- alternate firing to get over
  1000 fires per sound

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How Do We Locate Sounds
Why is Having 2 Ears Important?
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Parallel Processing

• Just like with vision, audition involves parallel
  processing
• Time difference
• Intensity
• memories

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Hearing Loss

• Conductive Hearing Loss hearing loss caused by
  damage to the mechanical system that conducts
  sound waves to the cochlea like eardrum and
  ossicles.
• Solution to Conductive Hearing Loss?
• Hearing aid

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Hearing Loss

• Sensorineural Hearing Loss damage caused to
  cochleas receptor cells (hair cells) or auditory
  nerves.
• Solution?
• Cochlear Implant

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Older People Suffer Most Hearing Loss With High
Frequency Sounds

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On a separate pieces of paper put these words in
the correct order of how we hear and in your own
words tell me how we hear DO NOT JUST COPY YOUR
NOTES

• Cochlea
• Stirup
• Hammer
• Sound waves
• Neural impulse
• Transduction
• Oval window

• Anvil
• Ossicles
• Outer ear
• Eardrum/tympanum
• Basilar membrane
• Hair cells

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Warm up page 34

• 1. What is the difference between Sensor neural
  and conductive hearing loss?
• 2. Why do we have 2 ears?
• 3. What is the purpose of function of the hammer,
  anvil and stirrup?
• 4.How do we transform sound waves into perceived
  sound?
• What is the Place Theory?
• What is the Frequency Theory?

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Touch

• Premature Babies
• Monkeys
• Skin sensations are a variation of the basic 4
• Pressure
• Warmth
• Cold
• Pain

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Sense 3 Touch

• Pain Is a Good Thing!
• Gate Control Theory
• theory that the spinal cord contains a
  neurological gate that blocks pain signals or
  allows them to pass on to the brain
• gate opened by the activity of pain signals
  traveling up small nerve fibers
• gate closed by activity in larger fibers or by
  information coming from the brain

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Social Influence On Pain
-Pain is both a physiological and a psychological
phenomenon. -Depending on symptoms, doctors may
use drugs, surgery, etc. or relaxation training,
thought distraction. Example Lamaze Method
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Memories of Pain

• More to our memories of pain than the pain we
  experienced.
• People tend to overlook duration of pain and
  instead concentrate on its peak moments and how
  much pain they felt at the end.
• What do doctors do because of this?
• Taper down procedures

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Senses 4 5 Taste and Smell

• Why are Taste and Smell studied together?

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Taste

• 4 Basic Sensations
• Sweet
• Sour
• Salty
• Bitter
• 200 taste buds
• Reproduce every 1 or 2 weeks
• Older decrease in taste buds
• Smoking and Alcohol decrease in taste buds

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Taste and Smell

• Taste and Smell are both chemical senses.
• Tongue is central muscle for taste which contain
  taste buds.
• Smell runs through receptor cells in nasal cavity
  which are send neural signals to the olfactory
  bulbs in the brain.

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Smell

• 5 million receptor cells at the top of your nasal
  cavity
• Detect 10,000 odors
• Decreases with age
• Have your own chemical signature

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Smell

• Nasal Cavity brings the smell up to your
  receptors
• Receptor cells send the message to the brains
  olfactory bulb
• Then to the temporal lobes primary smell cortex
• Parallel Processing

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Smell and Emotion

• Sense of smell activates areas in limbic system
  involved in emotion and memory.
• Smells can often evoke memories of the past or
  emotional experiences more often than most other
  senses.

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Sensory Restriction

• People born without access to a sense, compensate
  with development of stronger other senses.
• Sensory Restriction has produced mixed results
  depending on context
• Early Experiments disorientation,
  hallucinations, etc.