Finish up APA style Ethics

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Finish up APA styleEthics

• Psych 231 Research Methods in Psychology

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Announcements

• Exam 1 on Monday
• Mixture of multiple choice and short answer
• University college writing help
• http//www.ucollege.ilstu.edu/tutoring/writing/
• Online CITI ethics training due week 5
• http//psychology.illinoisstate.edu/jccutti/psych2
  31/f13/fall2013ethics.html

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APA style Parts of a research report

• Abstract
• Body
• Introduction
• Methods
• Participants
• Materials/Apparatus
• Design
• Procedure
• Results
• Discussion
• References
• The rest
• Authors Notes, Footnotes, Tables, Figures
  Captions

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Body

• Discussion (interpreting the results)
• Relationship between purpose and results
• Theoretical (or methodological) contribution
• Implications
• Future directions (optional)

• Reading checklist
• Does YOUR interpretation or the authors'
  interpretation best represent the data?
• Do you or the author draw the most sensible
  implications and conclusions?
• Writing checklist
• Have you stated your most convincing argument?
• Do the conclusions follow straightforwardly from
  the results?

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The references

• References
• Authors name
• Year
• Title of work
• Publication information
• Journal
• Issue
• Pages

Adolescent Depression 29
References Barnett, P. A.,
Gotlib, I. H. (1988). Psychosocial
functioning and depression Distinguishing among
antecedents, concomitants, and
consequences. Psychological Bulletin,
104. Beck, A. T. (1978). Beck Depression
Inventory. San Antonio, TX
Psychological Corporation. Benoit, D.,
Vidovic, D., Roman, J. (1991, April).
Transmission of attachment across three
generations. Paper presented at the
Biennial Meeting of the Society for
Research in Child Development. Benoit, D.,
Zeanah, C. H., Barton, M. L. (1989).
Maternal attachment disturbances in failure to
thrive. Infant Mental Health Journal,
3, 185-202. Benoit, D., Zeanah, C. H.,
Boucher, C., Minde, K. (1989). Sleep
disorders in early childhood Association
with insecure maternal attachment. Journal of
the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 86-93.
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The rest

• Authors Notes
• Footnotes
• Tables
• Figures and captions

• These are used to supplement the text.
• To make a point clearer for the reader.
• Typically used for
• The design
• Examples of stimuli
• Patterns of results

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Ethics

• Ethics people should be treated as ends not
  means

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Ethical Responsibilities in Research

• Two basic categories of ethical concerns
• Need to consider the rights of our participants
  in our research
• Need to behave ethically as scientists and
  practitioners

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Ethical Responsibilities in Research

• Two basic categories of ethical concerns
• Need to consider the rights of our participants
  in our research
• Need to behave ethically as scientists and
  practitioners

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Using humans in research

• For the most part the researcher has the power

• You know what is going to be done to the
  participants
• Participants may feel like they have to do it
• Consider the Milgram (1963) study
• demonstrated how far people may go to obey
  authorities
• This study itself exemplifies the need for strict
  rules of ethics

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Ethical Responsibilities in Research

• Consider ethics at each step
• Does the topic/idea for the research have some
  ethical issues surrounding it?
• How are participants selected?
• What methods may be used on the participant
  population?
• What measurement techniques will be used?
• What design is appropriate?
• How are the data analyzed?
• How are the results reported?

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Belmont Report APAs code of ethics

• Respect for persons All individual human
  beings are presumed to be free and responsible
  persons and should be treated as such in
  proportion to their ability in the
  circumstances.
• Basic courtesy
• Informed consent
• Debriefing
• Avoid deception
• Beneficence - Do good and avoid harm"
• Protection from harm
• Cost/Benefits analysis
• Confidentiality
• Justice Everyone is entitled to equal access
  to basic care necessary for living in a human
  way.
• Freedom from coercion
• Equal chances of participation

http//www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
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Informed consent

• Information to allow a person to decide if they
  want to participate (sample in lab manual pgs
  26-27)
• Basic purpose of the study
• Participation is voluntary
• Risks involved
• Benefits involved
• Rights to refuse or terminate participation
• Assent - guardians if participants are not
  competent
• e.g., children, developmentally disabled people

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Using deception in research

• Types
• Passive deception
• Withholding information about the study
• Active deception
• Deliberately misleading participants

• Avoid it when possible
• Consider alternatives to deception
• Role-playing
• When not possible to avoid
• Make sure that you are up front with all possible
  risks
• Potential results must be worth it
• Must debrief participants as soon as possible
  (either right after participation or as soon as
  project is over)

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Costs/Benefits analysis

• Costs all potential risks to the participants
• Physical harm
• Psychological harm
• Loss of confidentiality
• Benefits the good outcomes
• Direct benefits to participants
• Benefits to knowledge base
• Benefits to world at large

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Monitoring of ethics

• Institutional Review Board
• IRB Criteria
• Minimize risk
• Benefits gt Risks
• Equal opportunity sampling
• Informed consent
• Documentation of consent
• Data monitoring
• Privacy Confidentiality

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On-line Ethics Training

• CITI ethics training
• https//www.citiprogram.org/
• Can take short courses on ethics
• Starting Jan. 2011 most 290, 390s (and probably
  some PSY 331 classes) will require it (lasts for
  3 years)
• Social/Behavioral Research Course, Basic Course
• Students conducting no more than minimal risk
  research
• Starting 2 years ago, this is now a 231
  assignment
• See the syllabus page for a link to the
  instructions for how to sign on and take this
  training

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Scientific Integrity

• Two basic categories of ethical concerns
• Need to consider the rights of our participants
  in our research
• Need to behave ethically as scientists and
  practitioners (Integrity, Fidelity
  Responsibility)

• Fraud prevention
• Replication repeat a research study to validate
  results
• Peer Review critical analysis of research by
  peers in the same area
• Plagiarism taking credit for anothers work or
  ideas
• Avoided by citing the ideas or words of others

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Exam 1

• Exam 1 10 of final grade
• Short answer multiple choice
• Covers lectures, textbook, lab material
• Textbook Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 8