The Reformation

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The Reformation

• SOL WHII.3

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Causes of The Reformation Ch. 1 Sec. 3

• Ren. Emphasized secular individual ideas which
  challenged the Churchs authority
• Began in Germany then spread onto Europe

• Gutenberg Printing Press spread these ideas!
• Rulers resented the Popes authority (too much
  involvement in politics)
• Merchants resented paying church taxes to

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Problems in the Catholic Church

• Monks Priests poorly educated, broke vows
  w/marriage gambling, excess drinking
• Loss of faith in the Church (during the plague)

• Corrupt church leaders
• Ren. Popes patronized the arts, spent lots of
  on personal pleasures (secular popes!)lavish
  lifestyle

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Problems in the Catholic Church (cont.)

• Increased fees for religious services
  (marriages/baptisms)
• Sold indulgencesbought a pardon for sins

• German and English nobility disliked Italian
  domination
• Wealthy merchants challenged the Churchs view of
  usury

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The Reformation

• John Wycliffe
• Called for Reform in England in the late 1300s
  early 1400s
• Dissenter

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The Reformation

• John Huss

• Called for Reform in Bohemia
• Said Pope didnt have worldly powers
• Bible had more authority than the church leaders
• Dissenter

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The Reformation

• Indulgence

• Released a sinner from performing sin penalties
• Tetzel gave people impression they could their
  way into heaven
• He was selling them to rebuild the church

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Martin Luther

• Outraged over sale of indulgences
• Monk who taught scripture
• Began the Reformation

• Wrote the 95 Theses or formal statements
  attacking the pardon-merchants
• Posted, Printed spread all over Germany

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Reformation-a movement for religious reform

• Luthers 3 main ideas!

• People could win salvation only by faith
• All church teachings should be clearly based on
  the Bible
• All people equal can interpret the Bible

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Martin Luthers Basic Principles

• Indulgences are not in the Bible
• Bible was the only source of Religious truth
• Christians saved through faith
• Rejected the idea that clergy had special powers

• Religious education for boys and girls
• Banned confessions prayers to saints
• Abolished the Mass focused on sermon
• Banned 5 of 7 sacraments b/c not mentioned in the
  Bible (religious rituals)
• Renounced the authority of the Pope

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The Reformation

• What happened to him?

• Excommunicated b/c he wouldnt take back his
  statements

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The Reformation

• Edict of Worms
• Issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles

• Declared Luther an outlaw a heretic, no one was
  to aide him, burn his books
• A Prince gave him shelter while he translated the
  New Testament into German

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The Reformation

• Lutherans

• Luther his followers became a separate
  religious group

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The Reformation

• Protestants

• German Princes who supported Luther signed a
  protest against the anti-Luther Princes
• Christians who belonged to non-Catholic Churches

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The Reformation

• Conflicts between the Protestants and Catholics
  resulted in devastating wars (one example would
  be the Thirty Years War)
• The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy
  Roman Empire continued to support the Roman
  Catholic Church

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The Reformation

• Peace of Augsburg

• Signed in 1555, religious settlement stating
• Each German states religion would be set by its
  ruler
• N. GermLutheran
• S. GermCatholic

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England becomes Protestant!

• Henry VIII

• Catholic King of England, wife Catherine of
  Aragon, daughter Mary
• Wanted an annulment
• Pope refused

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The Reformation

• Reformation Parliament

• Set laws to end the Popes power in England

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The Reformation

• Anne Boleyn

• Married Henry VIII in 1533
• Parliament annulled/divorced Henry Catherine
• Imprisoned by Henry beheaded

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The Reformation

• Act of Supremacy

• Made the English King, not the Pope the official
  head of Englands Church

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The Reformation

• Henry VIII then marries Jane Seymour-his heir is
  bornEdward Jane dies as a result of child birth

• Henry VIII then marries Anne of Cleves (German)
  they divorce (she was too ugly)
• Wife 5-Catherine Howard (17 yrs old) Beheaded
• Wife 6-Catherine Parrsurvived Henry!

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The Reformation

• Queen Elizabeth I
• Set up a national church-the only legal church
• Parliament declared her head of the Anglican
  Church

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The Reformation Continues Ch. 1 Sec. 4

• John Calvin

• Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion his
  ideas about God, salvation, human nature
• French Priest Lawyer

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The Reformation

• Calvinism
• John Calvin asked to set up a theocracy in
  Geneva, Switzerland
• Moral society, extremely strict

• Men were sinful by nature Salvation through
  faith
• Bible only source of truth
• God chooses few people to save
• Predestination
• Religion education for Boys and girls

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The Reformation

• Theocracy

• Calvin Ideal govt
• Govt controlled by religious leaders
• Calvin ruled Geneva, Switzerland strictly

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The Reformation

• Presbyterians

• John Knox, Scotland
• Visited Geneva made Calvinism Scotlands official
  religion

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The Reformation

• Huguenots

• French followers of Calvin
• Hatred btwn Catholics Huguenots

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The Reformation

• Anabaptists

• Had to be old enough to decide to be baptized
  rejected infant baptism
• Separation of church state
• Refused to fight in wars
• Shared their possessions (Mennonites Amish)
• Influenced Quakers Baptists

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The Catholic Reformation-Reforming the Catholic
Church

• Ignatius

• Catholic reformer Loyola, Spain
• Wrote Spiritual Exercises
• Day-by-day plan for prayer meditation

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The Catholic ReformationThe Counter Reformation

• Jesuits
• Revive the moral authority of the church

• Society of Jesus
• Ignatius followers
• Goals
• Clean up the Catholic Church
• Slow/stop Protestant movement

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Catholic Reformation cont.

• Council of Trent1545
• Guided the Catholic Reform movement
• Challenged Protestant preaching

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Catholic Reformation cont.

• Inquisitionsearch for heretics (church court)
• Missionariesreligious order-Society of
  JesusJesuitsfounded by Ignatius Loyola
• Spiritual and moral discipline
• Rigorous religious training
• Absolute obedience to the church

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Reforming Popes

• Paul III

• 1. directed investigation of indulgence selling
  other abuses in church
• 2. Approved Jesuit order
• 3. Inquisition to find punish heresy in papal
  territory
• 4. Meeting of Church leaders in Trent (Northern
  Italy)

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Failures of the Catholic Reformation

• Catholic Reformation did reform, but Europe
  remained divided.
• This period fostered a great deal of religious
  intolerance
• Persecution
• Anabaptists
• Witch Hunt
• Jews-forced into ghettos (segregated communities)
• Lands were taken, synagogues burned
• Marked by a yellow badge in Germany when
  traveling outside of ghetto
• Many left and went towards Poland

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• Council of Trent
• 1545-1563

1. Churchs interpretation of Bible is final!
2. Christians need faith, good works for salvation
3. The Bible Church tradition were equally
   powerful authorities for guiding Christian life
4. Indulgences were valid expression of faith
   (banned false selling)

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Legacy of the Reformation

• Protestant Churches flourished
• Religion no longer united Europe
• Church power decreased as individual monarchs
  states gained power
• This paved the way for nation states b/c
  Reformers revolt was successful-laid the
  groundwork for a rejection of Christian belief
  later in Western cultures