Industrial%20Revolution

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Industrial Revolution

• 1790s 1860s

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Goals of this Unit

• To understand the conditions that existed in
  Great Britain that allowed for the beginning and
  development of the Industrial Revolution.
• To identify the social, political and economic
  changes that were necessitated by the Industrial
  Revolution.
• To be able to explain the development of new
  political theories in response to the realities
  of the Industrial Revolution.
• To recognize the science, technology and cultural
  responses to the Industrial Revolution.

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Introduction

• Western Europe and America dominated globe in
  19th century
• Individuals improved tools, adopted better
  methods
• Industrialization brought greater productivity
• Scientists made advances, businesses discovered
  new opportunities
• Middle classes dominated, controlled
  industrialization, economic transformation
  benefited from social, legal reforms in France,
  Britain, U.S.

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The British Phase
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The Revolution in Making Cloth

• Changes in agriculture ? less people needed for
  farming
• Demand for more cloth ? output increased
• Putting out system ? subcontracting system
• Example cotton merchant makes contract with
  village to produce certain amount of cotton

?
?
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The Revolution in Making Cloth

• Solving of practical problems in cloth making set
  pattern for all industrial revolutions
• Practical people solved these practical problems
• Through invention (and enhancements and redesigns)

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Key Inventions

• John Kay (1733) the flying shuttle
• James Hargreaves (1764) spinning jenny
• Richard Arkwright (1769) water frame
• Samuel Crompton (1779) water mule
• Edmund Cartwright (1785) power loom

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Key Inventions

• Eli Whitney (1793) the cotton gin

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Key Inventions

• James Watt (1775) Perfects steam engine
• Used to make cloth, drive ships, locomotives

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Effects of New Inventions
? Increased industrialization
More efficient inventions
? Transition from rural life to urban life
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Britains Advantages

• Sufficient population, hardworking, inventive
• Risk-taking private sector, government support
• Good communications, transportation, ports,
  merchant fleet
• Flexible, merit-based social structure, stable
  society
• Bank of England provided money, financial
  stability

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Britains Advantages

• Profited from need for industry during Napoleonic
  Wars
• Continental system remember?
• Expanded efficiency to iron, steel
• Bessemer process produced hard, malleable steel
  in 1850s
• Steel prices drop ? production soars

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Britains Advantages

• By 1850, Britain produced
• 67 of worlds coal
• 50 of worlds iron and cloth
• By 1850, half of British population lived in
  cities

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The Continental Phase
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The Continental Phase

• Industrialization and banking changes across
  Europe
• Eastern, southern Europe more limited
• Nobilities, political boundaries, tariff barriers
  block growth of industry

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Belgium

• By 1850, only one to compete with British
• Why?
• Belgium had favorable
• Government policies
• Stability
• Good transportation
• Other countries and businesses used spies to copy
  Britains secrets
• By 1850, whole continent caught up
• New banking systems allow modern investment banks
• Many small investors in new banks rather than a
  few great families

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The Zollverein

• Customs union of German states (1819)
• Managed trade and economies between all German
  Confederation
• Eliminated tolls, tariffs
• Stimulated trade, commerce
• Germany begins to thrive

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The Continental Phase

• Euro population grows during era
• 175 million ? 435 million
• Problems with this?
• Thomas Malthus (British economist)
• Predicts food supply wont keep up with pace of
  population growth
• Malthus didnt account for
• Improved technology increases production of food
• Why does population grow?
• Decline in death rates
• Better sanitation
• More food
• Earlier marriages

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• Communication and transportation systems vastly
  improve
• Better roads
• New canals
• Bridgewater, Suez, Panama

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• Communication and transportation systems vastly
  improve
• Railroads linked markets, brought nations
  together, carried people efficiently
• U.S. transcontinental (1869)
• Russian Trans-Siberian (1903)

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• Communication and transportation systems vastly
  improve
• Urban rail lines, trolleys, subways
• Clipper ships, steamships

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• Communication and transportation systems vastly
  improve
• Better postal systems, telegraph, telephone,
  typewriter

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The Workers of the Industrial Revolution
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The New Type of Labor

• Labor force went from
• Agrarian work
• Work 2/3 of year, 8 hours a day
• Seasonal, less demanding
• Factory labor
• 14 hours a day, 6 days a week, 52 weeks a year
• No holidays
• Intense, demanding, dangerous

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The Factory System

• Dangers of factory work
• Bad lighting
• Poor ventilation
• Dangerous machines
• No safety standards, no health or disability
  insurance until late 1800s
• No job security
• Owners vs. Workers
• Owners hold power, workers only have power in
  numbers

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Child Labor

• Children often worked the worst jobs
• Mills, mines, etc
• Smaller size benefits factory and mine owners
• Toughest jobs
• that cant be
• done by adults
• Harder for kids
• to organize and
• protest

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• "Two children I know got employment in a factory
  when they were five years old.the spinning
  men or women employ children if they can get a
  child to do their business..the child is paid
  one shilling or one shilling and six pence, and
  they will take that (five year old) child before
  they take an older one who will cost more."
  George Gould, a Manchester merchant, written in
  1816.

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• "The task first allotted to Robert Blincoe was
  to pick up the loose cotton, that fell upon the
  floor. Apparently nothing could be
  easier..although he was much terrified by the
  whirling motion and noise of the machinery and
  the dust with which he was half suffocatedhe
  soon felt sick and was constantly stooping his
  back ached. Blincoe took the liberty to sit down.
  But this he soon found was strictly forbidden in
  cotton mills. His overlooker, Mr. Smith, told him
  he must keep on his legs. This he did for six and
  a half hours without a break." John Brown, a
  reporter for "The Lion". Written in 1828.

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• "We went to the mill at five in the morning. We
  worked until dinner time and then to nine or ten
  at night on Saturday it could be till eleven and
  often till twelve at night. We were sent to clean
  the machinery on the Sunday." Man interviewed in
  1849 who had worked in a mill as a child.

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• "Woodward and other overlookers used to beat me
  with pieces of thick leather straps made supple
  by oil, and having an iron buckle at the end,
  drew blood almost every time it was applied."
  John Brown quoted in the "Lion" newspaper in
  1828. 

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• "Sarah Golding was poorly and so she stopped her
  machine. James Birch, the overlooker, knocked her
  to the floor. She got up as well as she could. He
  knocked her down again. Then she was carried to
  her house.......she was found dead in her bed.
  There was another girl called Mary......she
  knocked her food can to the floor. The master,
  Mr. Newton, kicked her and caused her to wear
  away till she died. There was another, Caroline
  Thompson, who was beaten till she went out of her
  mind. The overlookers used to cut off the hair of
  any girl caught talking to a lad. This head
  shaving was a dreadful punishment. We were more
  afraid of it than any other punishment for girls
  are proud of their hair." An interview in 1849
  with an unknown woman who worked in a cotton
  factory as a child. 

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Women Labor

• Women laborers work in factories
• More organization led to numerous strikes and
  workers rights movements
• Protested against factory owners for
• Better wages
• Better working conditions
• Better hours
• Etc

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Labor Movement

• Both men and women protest and strike
• Attack machines as protest
• Frustrated skilled craftsman out of work
• Peterloo Massacre (1819)
• Combination Acts prohibited workers associations
• Repealed in 1825
• Paved way for unions
• Become stronger throughout 19th century

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Poor Urban Conditions

• European cities grew massively during Industrial
  Revolution
• Rapid increase causes many social problems
• Political leaders could not keep up with problems
  and demands
• Factory system dangerous, spread of diseases
• Bad health conditions, alcoholism, prostitution
• Had to provide security, sanitation services,
  schools, housing
• Problems could not be fixed for first generation
  of workers
• Haussmann implements city planning, urban renewal
  in Paris
• Not until 1900 did most cities start to fix
  problems

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Socialism

• System in which the factors of production are
  owned by the public and operate for the welfare
  of all
• Industrialization is leading to selfish
  individualism and is breaking down community
• Optimistic view of human nature, a belief in
  progress, concern for social justice
• Planned Economy competition is evil
• Rich poor should be more equal
• Private property restricted or abolished
• Capitalism increases the misery of the working
  classes
• Ex. Charles Fouray, Henri de Saint-Simon, Robert
  Owen

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Utopian Socialism

• Robert Owen (1771-1858)
• Shocked by misery and poverty of working class
• Factory owner who wanted to improve conditions
  for his workers
• Created a Cooperative Community
• No children under ten could work
• Free schooling
• Built houses for his workers

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Karl Marx and Communism

• Karl Marx (1818-1883)
• German economist, philosopher
• Meets Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)
• Engels had experience in hardships of factory
  life
• Life-long partnership
• Communist Manifesto (1848)
• Das Kapital (1867)
• Problems with Capitalism
• Factory system exploits the worker surplus
  value
• Capitalist system leads to greater division in
  society

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Communism (Marxism)

• Ideas
• Economy biggest and recurring force in history
• Human societies have always been divided into
  warring classes
• Based off philosopher Freidrich Hegels theory
• haves (bourgeoisie)
• vs.
• have nots (proletariat)
• The proletarians have nothing to lose
• but their chains.
• They have the world to win.
• Workingmen of all countries, unite.

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Marxs New World Order

• Proletariat is much larger and would use its
  numbers to revolt
• Workers would create a dictatorship of the
  proletariat
• Period of cooperative living and education, then
  the state or government would wither away and a
  classless society would be developed
• This allows for Communism
• Elimination of private property, all goods and
  means of production owned by the community
  everyone equal

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The Labor Movement

• Marx and others create First International in
  1864
• Large meeting in London of labor activists,
  anarchists, German theorists
• Unsuccessful due to arguments, too many different
  factions
• Ferdinand Lassalle forms Social Democratic
  political party
• Successful in Germany
• France too divided, England had Fabian Society or
  influence of Christianity

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The Labor Movement

• The Second International (1889-1914)
• Golden age of Marxism
• 12 million members, more cohesion
• Goals
• 8 hour workday
• Welfare state
• Universal suffrage

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The Socialist Labor Movement

• Successes
• Strengthened labor unions
• Helped workers gain labor and living improvements
• How?
• Sometimes gained some political power in
  government legislatures
• Sometimes caused fears of a revolution

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Isms Response to Industrialization

• Capitalism
• Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Economic
  liberty guarantees progress
• In Practice? Little to No government
  interventionat first
• Liberalism
• Freedom of the individual, equal rights for all,
  fair competition (heavily supported by the
  middle-class)
• Utilitarianism
• Jeremy Bentham John Stuart Mill The Greatest
  Good for the Greatest Number
• In Practice? Not a very direct road map for
  legislation but rooted in socialism
• Socialism
• System in which the factors of production are
  owned by the public and operate for the welfare
  of all
• In Practice? Government involvement of economy
  through the existing political structure
• Communism
• The proletarians have nothing to lose but their
  chains. They have the world to win. Workingmen
  of all countries, unite.
• In Practice? Overthrow existing structure
  Dictatorship leads to no government

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Utilitarianism

• Utilitarianism - People should judge ideas,
  institutions, and actions on the basis of their
  utility
• Jeremy Bentham
• The greatest good for the greatest number
• John Stuart Mill led the movement
• Cooperative system of agriculture, womens
  rights, reforms in legal and prison systems,
  education, do away with great wealth differences

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Cultural ResponsesRomanticism 1800-1850Realism
1850-1880Impressionism 1880-1905
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Romanticism - Movement of Revolt

• Heart vs. reason emotion vs. intellect
  mysterious vs. rational individual vs. set
  formula senses and imagination vs. everything
  else
• the heart has its reasons which
• reason does not know.

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Romanticism

• Varied from country to country reacts to
  movements
• Britain industrial society
• France glory of man and liberty
• Germany promotion of national unification
• Spain reaction against Napoleonic rule
• Artists Goya, J.M.W. Turner, Constable,
  Delacroix
• Authors Emily Bronte, Johann Wolfgang von
  Goethe, Victor Hugo, Wordsworth, Coleridge,
  Byron, Keats, Shelley
• Composers Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Liszt

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Liberty Leading the People, Eugene Delacroix, 1830
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John Constable, Salisbury Cathedral from the
Meadows 1831
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Goya, The Third of May 1808 1814
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J.M.W. Turner, Rain, Steam Speed The great
Western Railway 1844
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Realism

• Went against Neo-Classicism and Romanticism
• Life as it was stripped of idealism
• Impact of industrialization
• Focus on working class

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Realism

• Reaction to the fluffy, bizarre, and unrealistic
  Romantic era
• Demonstrated life the way it was
• Fit with Marx, Bismarck, and critics of bourgeois
  society
• Artists Millet, Courbet, Ford Madox Brown
• Writers Emile Zola, Honore de Balzac, Charles
  Dickens

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The Stone Breakers, Gustave Courbet, 1849
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Millet, The Gleaners 1857
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Ford Madox Brown, Work 1852
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Child Labor, illustration by Frances Trollope,
1840
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Impressionism

• Color and light become the subject of the
  painting
• Free brush strokes
• Impacted by development of photography -
  daguerrotypes
• Artists Degas, Manet, Monet, Renoir, Pissaro

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Pont Neuf, Paris, Adolphe Braun, 1855
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Boulevard des Capucines, Paris, Claude Monet, 1874
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Rehearsal of the Ballet on the Stage, Edgar
Degas, 1873
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Cypresses, Saint-Remy, Vincent van Gogh, 1889