Title: PME Issues Globalised Security and Military Education and Training in the 21st Century Dr Michael Evans
1PME Issues Globalised Security and Military
Education and Training in the 21st CenturyDr
Michael Evans
2US Hart-Rudman Commission New World Coming
-
- Many of the fundamental assumptions that
steered us through the chilly waters of the Cold
War require rethinking. The very facts of
military reality are changing, and that bears
serious and concentrated reflection - New World Coming American Security in the
21st Century (Phase 1 Report, 1999)
3From Long Peace to Long War
- In the 21st century there is a novel setting
of diffusion and diversification of weapons of
mass destruction, percolating global turbulence,
and widespread fear of terrorism - Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Choice Global
Domination or Global Leadership (2004)
4Challenging the Profession of Arms Old and
New in Globalised Security
- Globalised strategic transition in new millennium
transcends nation and region - PME and training challenges affect all militaries
- Arrival of two world strategic universe means
that countries must prepare for old
(state-centric) and new (multi-centric)
challenges
5Two-Part Presentation
- Part One examines main features of evolving
globalised security environment - Part Two concentrates on implications of
globalised security for PME and training - Part Two focus on three particular areas
strategic art military jurisdiction and
integrated skill-sets
6- Globalised Security and 21st Century Strategic
Trends
7Two Worlds ofWorld Politics
-
- A bifurcated conflict environment
- Two worlds of world politics (state-centric and
multi-centric and their interaction) - Complexity created by imposition of multi-centric
(non-state) on to state-centric (state-on-state) - Rapid compression and interconnectedness of
change between the two worlds
8A Non-Western View An Intertwined World
- The international security issue has become
increasingly diversified, traditional security
factors and non-traditional ones have become
intertwined - Jiefangjun Bao (Chinese PLA), February 2002
9Globalisations Four Strategic Changes
- From territoriality towards connectedness
- Blurring of state-society, foreign-domestic
policy distinctions - Rise of calculus of strategic risk-analysis
- Blurring of near and far merging modes of
conflict and rise of full-spectrum strategy
101. From Territoriality to Connectedness The New
Geography of National Security
-
- Globalisation creates supra-territorial space
- Rise of non-state (multi-centric) actors cuts old
link between sovereignty and national security - Societal vulnerability because of permeable open
societies - Lawrence Freedmans demilitarisation of
inter-state relations and parallel trend towards
non-state warfare
112. Risk The Rise of Strategic-Risk Analysis
-
- Cold War an age of predictable threat
- Globalised security era an age of unpredictable
risk - Threat focuses on tangibles intentions and
capabilities of conventional adversaries - Risk focuses on intangibles probabilities and
consequences stemming from unconventional
adversaries - Iraq 2003 a product of risk-analysis
12Rumsfeld on Strategic Risk
- There are known knowns there are things we know
we know. We also know there are known unknowns
that is to say we know there are some things we
do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns
the ones we dont know we dont know - Donald Rumsfeld, US Defense Secretary, February
2002 -
13The Anatomy of Risk
-
- Risk-strategy concerned with rogue and failed
states - In conventional threat analysis Afghanistan less
a threat than Haiti - But Afghanistan a high-risk failed state
- Risk-analysis focuses on consequences not
capabilities from rogues to refugees to viruses
to nuclear devices
14Risks in A World Without Precedent
- This world is without precedent. It is as
different from the Cold War as it is from the
Middle Ages. Tomorrows wars will not result from
the ambitions of States but from their weaknesses - Philippe Delmas, The Rosy Future of War
(1995)
153. Blurring of the Far and the Near National
Security Policy
- Globalised security creates blurred distinctions
between state and society and between foreign and
domestic policies - Rise of cohesive national security policies to
meet spectrum of threat and risk - Need for a mixture of expeditionary forces and
homeland security to reconcile the far and the
near
164. Need for Full-Spectrum Strategy
- Globalised security blurs conventional and
unconventional modes of conflict - Need for full-spectrum strategy
- 2005 US National Defense Strategy traditional,
irregular, catastrophic and disruptive categories
of threat may intersect - Deadly cocktails possible (eg irregular Islamist
jihad plus catastrophic WMD)
17- Globalised Security Implications for Military
Education and Training
18The Main Challenge Different Times, Different
Enemies
- The enemies of yesterday were static,
predictable, homogeneous, rigid, hierarchical,
and resistant to change. The enemies of today are
dynamic, unpredictable, diverse, fluid,
networked, and constantly evolving -
- Brian Michael Jenkins, Redefining the
Enemy, RAND Review (Spring 2004)
19Cold War Legacy An Operational Approach to War
- Cold War era marginalised military influence in
strategy-formulation - Professional embrace of operational level of war
and operational art - Accelerated by precision revolution after 1970s
- Operational approach dominant in conduct of Iraq
and Afghanistan wars
20A Non-political Military Art?
-
-
- The operational art appeals to armies it
functions in a politics-free zone and it puts
primacy on professional skills -
- Hew Strachan, Making Strategy
Civil-Military Relations after Iraq, Survival
(Autumn, 2006) -
21The Paradox of the Operational Level of War
- Operational level often encourages cult of
battlefield artisanship - Prefers aesthetic symmetry of similar enemy and
focuses - Operational craftsmanship over strategic
coherence - Lost victories of Iraq (1991 and 2003) and of
Afghanistan (2002)
22Coherence and Design The Need to Create
Strategic Artists
- Military must improve knowledge of the strategic
level of war - Need for commanders to concentrate on mastering
strategic art in 21st century - Strategic art mastery of the principles of
coherence, integration and unity of effort in
relating military power to political purpose - Pressing need in PME for creating better
strategic artists who concentrate upon control
over victory in the pattern of conflict
23PMEs Objective in the New Millennium
- To produce a strategically-astute and
operationally-expert officer who can function in
both the counsels of state and on the joint,
multinational and interagency battlespace of the
21st century
24Three Key PME Requirements
- Rediscover strategy and improve conceptual
understanding of relationship between policy,
strategy and operations - Refine a realistic concept of military
jurisdiction to enhance above - Create better integration of educational and
training skill-sets to maximise professional
mastery of war
251. Rediscovering Strategy Parameters of Policy,
Strategy and Operations
- Among practitioners, politicians often conflate
strategy with policy objectives (focusing on what
the desired outcome should be, simply assuming
that force will move the adversary towards it)
while soldiers often conflate strategy with
operations (focusing on how to destroy targets or
defeat enemies tactically, assuming that positive
military effects mean positive policy effects - Richard K. Betts, The Trouble with Strategy
Bridging Policy and Operations, JFQ Winter
2001-02
26 The Lost Meaning of
Strategy
- Serves as a bridge between political objectives
and military operations - But often neglected leading to failure to connect
ends (objectives), ways (methods) and means
(resources) - Example of Iraq in 2003 failure of systemic
strategic design - Strategy must integrate policy and operations not
separate them
27Civil-Military Integration to Meet Conflict and
Confrontation
- Cold War conflation of civilian policy with and
military operations with strategy must change - Need for greater civil-military integration in
age of two worlds of world politics - Rise of Rupert Smiths conflicts and
confrontations over classical warfare
28Civil-Military Separatism The Huntington Model
- Classic exposition in Samuel P. Huntingtons The
Soldier and the State (1957) - Study reflects Westphalian warfare strategy
begins when diplomacy ends - Armies mobilised across territorial frontiers
29Inadequacy of the Huntington CMR Model
- Model no longer reflects interactive threat-risk
conflicts of 21st century - Military force not autonomous but used in complex
multinational and interagency frameworks - Major intellectual challenge for military
professionals to bring greater coherence to
strategy in order to improve link between
politics and operations
30Mastering Eliot Cohens Unequal Dialogue
- Need for robust civil-military engagement
- Clemenceau was right war is too serious to be
left to generals - But corollary is without military involvement to
shape strategy war will not be prosecuted
effectively - In 21st century need for improved uniformed
knowledge of strategy
31Challenge of Teaching Strategy in PME
- Guide should be intellectual pragmatism
- Remember Dr Johnsons advice always temper the
splendours of ornamental erudition with practical
application - Need to create blend of strategic
leader-theorist-practitioner and avoid
Clausewitzs pretensions of false genius and
fruitless scholarliness - Teaching should serve as primer for mental
preparation of commanders mind
322. Refining Military Jurisdiction
- Better strategic art linked to tailoring PME and
training to realistic parameters of professional
jurisdiction - Modern spectrum of conflict has expanded
boundaries of professional jurisdiction - Huntingtons concept of the autonomous manager
of violence and MacArthurs no artifice under
the name of politics difficult to uphold
33Jurisdiction during Kosovo
-
- The old separations in time between the
military and the political and between echelons
of military command were no longer the same . . .
What we discovered increasingly during Kosovo
was that the political and strategic levels
impinged on the operational and tactical levels .
. . Sometimes even insignificant tactical events
packed a huge political wallop. This is a key
characteristic of modern war -
- General Wesley K. Clark, Waging Modern War
Bosnia, Kosovo and the Future of Combat (2001)
34An Alchemical Blend of Multiple Archetypes
- Military jurisdiction confronted not just by
politics but by multiple civilian agencies - Includes journalists, aid workers, security
contractors - Military professional at once anthropologist,
police officer and diplomat and warfighter
35Jurisdictional Boundaries and Warrior
Knowledgeof Strategy
- Jurisdictional expansion must be tempered by the
uniqueness of the profession of arms - Unique skills of warrior must not be diluted
- One jurisdictional area that does require
expansion improved knowledge of strategy
36Future Operational-Strategic Preparation in JPME
- Cold War PME formula of twenty year stairway
process of PME - Globalised security conditions may expose
officers to operational-strategic responsibility
much earlier - Need to consider glide path model of PME
- Need to construct continuum of PME knowledge by
move from phased to continuous learning model - As much philosophy as program
373. Integrated Skill-Sets and Future Education,
Training
- The ideal one trains for certainty one
educates for uncertainty - But education and training are difficult to
separate - Technical training an essential foundation of
military expertise
38Training and Education as Siamese Twins
- Intertwining of training and education apparent
even at strategic level of war - Training and education are to military profession
what surgery and anatomy are to the medical
profession - Symbiosis between the practical and the abstract
- Educated strategic artist must first be a trained
operational expert
39Theory and Practice in Military Problem-Solving
- Close linkage between education and training
reflected in many contemporary military problems - Levels of war debate on networked battlespace
- Future of the operational art
- Reconciling indirect high-level command with
direct low-level control
40 41Ages of War
-
- Every age has its own kind of war, its own
limiting conditions, and its own peculiar
preconceptions, its own theory of war - Carl von Clausewitz, On War
42Future Military Effectiveness and PME
- Cold War PME legacy of operational artistry and
civil-military separatism in increasingly
policy-operations inadequate - PME must give greater attention to conceptual
integration of policy, strategy and operations - Overarching aim to merge the narrow 20th century
operational artist into a broader 21st century
strategic artist
43 QUESTIONS?