Ocean Productivity and Export Flux

1
Ocean Productivity and Export Flux Data derived
from satellite Biomass (concentration,
type) Temperature Light Winds Eddies Sea
Ice Data requiring models Mixed
layer Grazing Sinking and advection of
POC/DOC There is a large list of non-NASA
missions for key data types above. Issues are
calibration, validation, data availability, tool
for using data, integration of data with models,
etc.
2
Drake Passage Ice concentration vs Chl-a Ice
measured by SSM/I-F13 Bootstraps algorithm, Chl
SPGANT using SeaWiFS
Ice concentration is mean for squares 1-3 (next
slide), Chl-SPGANT is mean for squares 1-4 (next
slide)
3
4
3
2
1
4

• High Resolution AMSR-E 89 GHz Sea Ice
• http//iup.physik.uni-bremen.de/iuppage/psa/2001/
  amsrop.html
• Daily sea ice maps are provided by a small group
  at University of Bremen using data from JAXAs
  AMSR-E sensor on NASA's Aqua Satellite  (since
  May, 2002) .
• The main problem is data access and usability
• NSIDC may have all the best data but it is hard
  to find.
• The differences between NASA group and the
  bootstraps algorithms are confusing
• The University of Bremen group provides easy to
  use HDF data of a single variable ice
  concentration.
• The NSIDC AMSR-E datasets have 64 (!) different
  products, including ice concentration but at
  lower spatial resolution.

5
1. Mission Concept of GCOM and SGLI 1.1 Mission
target

• Global Climate Observation Mission (GCOM)
• GCOM-W (water) satellite series 13 (Jan. 2012,
  13 years)
• Sensor AMSR-2 which is a follow-on sensor of
  AMSR-E on Aqua
• GCOM-C (climate) satellite series 13 (early
  2014 (TBD) , 13 years)
• Sensor Second-generation Global Imager (SGLI)
  which is a radiometer of 380-12000nm, 250m-1km
  resolution, and 1150-1400km swath, as a follow-on
  mission of ADEOS-II/GLI.
• Targets of GCOM-C are followings.
• Establishment of long-term observation system for
  the global carbon cycle and radiation budget
• Integrated use with other earth observation
  systems
• Contribution to numerical climate models (driving
  force, outputs comparison, and parameter tuning)
• Contribution to operational use (weather
  forecast, monitoring of meteorological disaster,
  fishery..)
• Enhancement of new satellite data usability

6
2. GCOM-C products and SGLI design - 2.1 mission
target and product groups
GCOM-C observation targets
Radiation budget
Carbon cycle
Atmosphere Cloud and aerosol changes and
Ratiative forcing
Ocean Carbon and heat pool and coastal environment
Cryosphere Ice-albedo feedback in global warming
Land Carbon cycle and vegetation production
Snow surface properties
Aerosol properties
Land surface Temp.
Snow surface Temp.
Land cover
Above- ground biomass
Ocean color
Vegetation production
Water vapor
Precipi- tation
Snow depth
Soil moisture
Sea surface wind
Major observation targets of GCOM
GCOM-W Water cycle change observation satellite
7
2. GCOM-C products and SGLI design - 2.5 GCOM-C
products and SGLI channels
VNR channels
IRS channels
Blue
Green
Red
Yellow
Specifications of SGLI, such as center
wavelengths, band width, SNR, and dynamic range,
are designed in consideration of retrieval
algorithms of the observation targets.
8
2. GCOM-C products and SGLI design - 2.7
GCOM-C/SGLI design
radiation budget primary production
shortwave thermal InfraRed (T) Scanner (IRS)
Polarization (along-track slant) radiometer (P)

• Targets are carbon cycle and radiation budget
  relating to the global environmental change.
• SGLIll observe aerosols, cloud, vegetation,
  ocean color, sea/land surface temperature,
  snow/ice, and so on for more than 13 years.
• The SGLI features are finer spatial resolution
  (250m (VNI) and 500m (T)) and polarization/along-t
  rack slant view channels (P), which will improve
  land, coastal, and aerosol observations.

Visible Near infrared push-broom Radiometer
(VNR)
SGLI Second generation GLobal Imager
SGLI channels SGLI channels SGLI channels SGLI channels SGLI channels SGLI channels SGLI channels SGLI channels
CH ? ? ?? Lstd Lmax SNR at Lstd IFOV
CH VN, P, SW nm T ?m VN, P, SW nm T ?m VN, P, SW nm T ?m VN, P W/m2/sr/?m T Kelvin VN, P W/m2/sr/?m T Kelvin VN, P, SW - T NE?T m
VN1 380 10 10 60 210 250 250
VN2 412 10 10 75 250 400 250
VN3 443 10 10 64 400 300 250
VN4 490 10 10 53 120 400 250
VN5 530 20 20 41 350 250 250
VN6 565 20 20 33 90 400 250
VN7 670 10 10 23 62 400 250
VN8 670 20 20 25 210 250 250
VN9 763 8 8 40 350 400 1000
VN10 865 20 20 8 30 400 250
VN11 865 20 20 30 300 200 250
P1 670 20 20 25 250 250 1000
P2 865 20 20 30 300 250 1000
SW1 1050 20 20 57 248 500 1000
SW2 1380 20 20 8 103 150 1000
SW3 1640 200 200 3 50 57 250
SW4 2210 50 50 1.9 20 211(TBD) 1000
T1 10.8 0.7 0.7 300 340 0.2 500
T2 12.0 0.7 0.7 300 340 0.2 500
GCOM-C SGLI characteristics (baseline of GCOM-C1 BBM design) GCOM-C SGLI characteristics (baseline of GCOM-C1 BBM design)
Orbit (TBD) Sun-synchronous (descending local time 1030) Altitude 798km, Inclination 98.6deg
Launch Date Jan. 2013 (HII-A)
Mission Life 5 years (3 satellites total 13 years)
Scan Push-broom electric scan (VNR VN P) Wisk-broom mechanical scan (IRS SW T)
Scan width 1150km cross track (VNR VN P) 1400km cross track (IRS SW T)
Digitalization 12bit
Polarization 3 polarization angles for P
Along track direction Nadir for VN, SW and T, 45 deg and -45 deg for P
On-board calibration VN Solar diffuser, Internal lamp (PD), Lunar by pitch maneuvers, and dark current by masked pixels and nighttime obs. SW Solar diffuser, Internal lamp, Lunar, and dark current by deep space window T Black body and dark current by deep space window All Electric calibration
Multi-angle obs. for 670nm and 865nm
9
3. Examples of expected GCOM-C product - 3.4 VNR
250m land and coastal observation
250m Ocean color chlorophyll-a and NDVI simulated
using GLI 250m channels
(a) GLI 1km Osaka Bay (1 Oct. 2003, CHL by LCI)
(b) GLI 250m Osaka Bay (1 Oct. 2003, CHL by LCI)
SGLI 250m resolution will enable to detect more
fine structure in the coastal area such as river
outflow, regional blooms, and small current.
Hiroshi Murakami, Mitsuhiro Toratani and Hajime
Fukushima, Satellite ocean color observation with
250 m spatial resolution using ADEOS-II GLI,
Remote Sensing of the Marine Environment,
Proceedings of SPIE, Volume 6406-05, Nov. 28, 2006
10
4. GCOM-C Project Timeline- 4.1 GCOM-C algorithm
development and validation schedule (TBD)
Japanese Financial Year Apr 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Events (launch, evaluations) ?Project start ?System PDR System CDR? System CDR? C1 launch? Data Release? Mission result evaluation? C2 Launch?
Research announcement ?RA1 ?RA2 ?RA3
Workshop WS0? WS1? WS2? WS3? WS3? WS4? WS5? WS6? WS7? WS8? WS9? WS10?
Product release, version up ? Ver.1 ? Ver.2 C-12 Ver.3?
Algorithm implement PLI-1 (using other satellite data) PLI-1 (using other satellite data) PLI-2 (for the operational system) Ver.1 development Improvement with product version up Improvement with product version up Implement for C2 (Ver.2.5) Version-up implement
Algorithm development/ improvement phase 1. Initial development phase 1. Initial development phase 2. Performance development phase 2. Performance development phase 2. Performance development phase 3. Operational algorithm development phase 3. Operational algorithm development phase 4. Post-launch development and improvement phase Initial validation 4. Post-launch development and improvement phase Initial validation 4. Post-launch development and improvement phase Initial validation 4. Post-launch development and improvement phase Initial validation 4. Post-launch development and improvement phase Initial validation
Sensor development/ calibration phase 1. Design and trial manufacturing 1. Design and trial manufacturing 2. Sensor manufacturing performance tests 2. Sensor manufacturing performance tests 2. Sensor manufacturing performance tests 2. Sensor manufacturing performance tests 2. Sensor manufacturing performance tests 3. Initial calibration phase 4. Operational phase 4. Operational phase 4. Operational phase 4. Operational phase
TBD
TBD
PFM
BBM
EM

• Evaluate improve candidate algorithm
  performance (theoretical performance processing
  stability)
• Obtain in-situ data, develop and validate
  algorithms, and examine applications
• Pre-launch algorithm implementation-1 (PLI-1) for
  checking the algorithm theoretical performance
  and satellite data applicability based on the
  above results.
• Correspond to the satellite sensor design and
  performance tests.

• Examination of the implementability of new
  algorithms, and improvement of the existing
  algorithms
• Develop using other satellite or in-situ
  observations
• Correspond to the sensor design results.

• Intensive verification and improvement for Ver.1
  data release as an initial validation phase for
  about one year after the launch
• Validate and improve (version up) algorithms
  using SGLI observation data
• Obtain in-situ data required for algorithm
  development, validation and improvement
• develop and validate research/new algorithms, and
  develop new usage of the products

• Based on the PLI-1 results, improve the at-launch
  version of operational codes
• Pre-launch implementation-2 (PLI-2) for checking
  flow and performance of the real processing

11
4. GCOM-C Project Timeline- 4.2 GCOM-C
calibration schedule (TBD)
Japanese Financial Year Apr 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Events (launch, evaluations) ?Project start ?System PDR System CDR? System CDR? C1 launch? Data Release? Mission result evaluation? C2 Launch?
Research announcement ?RA1 ?RA2 ?RA3
Workshop WS0? WS1? WS2? WS3? WS3? WS4? WS5? WS6? WS7? WS8? WS9? WS10?
Product release, version up ? Ver.1 ? Ver.2 C-12 Ver.3?
Algorithm implement PLI-1 (using other satellite data) PLI-1 (using other satellite data) PLI-2 (for the operational system) Ver.1 development Improvement with product version up Improvement with product version up Implement for C2 (Ver.2.5) Version-up implement
Algorithm development/ improvement phase 1. Initial development phase 1. Initial development phase 2. Performance development phase 2. Performance development phase 2. Performance development phase 3. Operational algorithm development phase 3. Operational algorithm development phase 4. Post-launch development and improvement phase Initial validation 4. Post-launch development and improvement phase Initial validation 4. Post-launch development and improvement phase Initial validation 4. Post-launch development and improvement phase Initial validation 4. Post-launch development and improvement phase Initial validation
Sensor development/ calibration phase 1. Design and trial manufacturing 1. Design and trial manufacturing 2. Sensor manufacturing performance tests 2. Sensor manufacturing performance tests 2. Sensor manufacturing performance tests 2. Sensor manufacturing performance tests 2. Sensor manufacturing performance tests 3. Initial calibration phase 4. Operational phase 4. Operational phase 4. Operational phase 4. Operational phase
TBD
TBD
PFM
BBM
EM

• Improve and keep the accuracy of long-term data
  by continuing (1)(5) and applying their results
  to the processing algorithm.
• Reflect sensor characterization and calibration
  results to the following GCOM-C.

• Post-launch calibration
• (1) Radiometric calibration,
• (2) Sensor characterization and image quality
  evaluation,
• (3) vicarious/cross calibration,
• (4) Moon calibration, and
• (5) geometric calibration
• Improve and keep the accuracy of level-1 products
  by applying the calibration results to the
  processing algorithm.

• Investigate influence and correction methods of
  sensor design characteristics
• Reflect the results to the radiometric and
  geometric sensor models developed in the BBM
  phase.

• Investigate influence and correction methods of
  manufactured sensor characteristics in EM and PFM
• Reflect the results to Level-1 algorithm and
  calibration coefficient tables which are used for
  the at-launch processing

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Scheduled Ocean-Color Sensors of China, India and
Korea
SENSOR AGENCY SATELLITE SCHEDULEDLAUNCH SWATH(km) RESOLUTION(m) OFBANDS SPECTRALCOVERAGE (nm) ORBIT
GOCI KARI/KORDI COMS-1(Korea) June 2009 2500 500 8 400 - 865 Geostationary
COCTS CNSA (China) HY-1C or HY-2A 2009?? 1400 1100 10 102-12500 Polar
OCM-2 ISRO (India) Oceansat-2 (India) Sept 2008 1420 1 - 4 km 8 400 - 900 Polar
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Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) in
KOREA - is scheduled to be launched onboard
Communication Ocean Meteorological Satellite
(COMS) in June 2009.
Detecting short term biophysical phenomena
requires high frequency observation.
Conventional PO satellite hardly observe the
ocean color with high frequency. Reducing cloud
problem in OC sensor. The altitude of GEO
satellite is 35,786km Polar sun synchronous
orbit 780km
Courtesy of Ahn (2008), report to IOCCG 13th
meeting
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GCOI Technical Specification
Courtesy of Ahn (2008), report to IOCCG 13th
meeting
15
GCOI Technical Specification
Courtesy of Ahn (2008), report to IOCCG 13th
meeting
16
(No Transcript)
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India OCEANSAT-2 Launch planned late 2008
Courtesy of Navalgund (2008) report to 13th IOCCG
meeting
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Future Satellite Mission Timelines
Mark R. Drinkwater European Space Agency Earth
Observation Programmes
See last slides for modification record
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Ocean Surface Topography
 
 
Medium accuracy (SSH) from high-inclination orbit
GFO
ICESAT
RA/ERS-2
SRAL/GMES S-3A
RA-2/Envisat
CRYOSAT-2/LRM
AltiKa/OceanSat-3
Alt/HY-2B
Alt/HY-2A
High accuracy (SSH) from mid-inclination orbit
TOPEX/POSEIDON
Jason-1
OSTM/Jason-3
OSTM/Jason-2
Planned/Pending approval
In orbit
Approved
20
Geoid and Salinity Missions
Gravity/Geoid missions (for absolute circulation)
CHAMP
GRACE
GOCE
Salinity
SMOS
AQUARIUS
In orbit
Approved
Planned/Pending approval
21
Ocean Winds
Scalar Wind
SSMI/DMSP
SSMI/DMSP
AMSR-E/EOS-Aqua
AMSR2/GCOM-W1
Vector Wind
WINDSAT
ASCAT/METOP-A,B,C
AMI/ERS
Seawinds/QuikSCAT
Ku-Scat/Oceansat-2
Seawinds/ADEOS-2
Ku-Scat/HY-2A
GODAE
In orbit
Approved
Planned/Pending approval
22
SAR for Oil pollution, sea ice and sea-state
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GMES S-1A

ASAR/Envisat C-band
AMI/ERS
RADARSAT-3
RADARSAT-2 C-band
RADARSAT-1 C-band
PALSAR/ALOS L-band
COSMO-SKYMED X-band
TERRASAR-X X-band
C-, X-band/HY-3
Planned/Pending approval
In orbit
Approved
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Sea Ice (Concentration, Extent, Drift, Thickness)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GMES S-1

ASAR/Envisat C-band
AMI/ERS
Drift
RADARSAT-3
RADARSAT-2 C-band
RADARSAT-1 C-band
PALSAR/ALOS L-band
COSMO-SKYMED X-band
Seawinds/QuikSCAT
TERRASAR-X X-band
ICESAT-2
ICESAT
Thickness
SRAL/GMES S-3A
CRYOSAT-2
MODIS AMSR-E/EOS-Aqua
SMOS
Rad/HY-2A
COCTS/HY-1B
COCTS/HY-1A
Concentration
AMSR2/GCOM-W1
OLS SSMI/DMSPAVHRR AMSU/NOAA
IPY
NPOESS C1
VIIRS/NPP
Planned/Pending approval
In orbit
Approved
24
Ice Sheets (Accum, Melt, Dynamics, Thickness
Mass Variability)
ASAR/Envisat C-band
AMI/ERS
GMES S-1
RADARSAT-3
RADARSAT-2 C-band
RADARSAT-1 C-band
Dynamics/ Mass Flux
PALSAR/ALOS L-band
COSMO-SKYMED X band
TERRASAR X band
ICESAT
ICESAT-2
Altimetry/ Gravity
GRACE
SRAL/GMES S-3A
CRYOSAT-2
GOCE
IPY
Ku-Scat/Oceansat-2
Albedo/Accum/Melt
MODIS AMSR-E/EOS-Aqua
AMSR/GCOM-W1
OLS SSMI/DMSPAVHRR AMSU/NOAA
NPOESS C1
VIIRS/NPP
25
Sea Ice Surface Temperature
FY-3A, B,.. (VIRR/MODI)
FY-1D
FY-1C
Optical
CBERS-4
CBERS-3
CBERS-2B
CBERS-2
AVHRR/METOP-A,B,C am orbit
AVHRR/NOAA am orbit
AVHRR/NOAA pm orbit
Geostationary sats GOES, MSG contribute - but
not shown
SLST/GMES S-3A
AATSR/ENVISAT
ATSR/ERS-2
NPOESS C1
VIIRS/NPP am
MODIS/EOS-Terra/1030
MODIS AMSR-E/EOS-Aqua
SGLI/GCOM-C1
MOS/IRS-P3
HY-1B
HY-1
Microwave
IPY
ADEOS-2
AMSR/GCOM-W1
WINDSAT
TMI/TRMM
Rad/HY-2A
MSMR/Oceansat-1
In orbit
Approved
Planned/Pending approval
26
Ocean Colour
FY-3A, B,.. (VIRR/MODI)
FY-1D
FY-1C
COCTS/HY-1
COTS/HY-1B
AVHRR/NOAA am orbit
OCM-2/Oceansat-2
OCM/IRS-P4/Oceansat-1
MOS/IRS-P3
OLC/GMES S-3A
MERIS/ENVISAT
ADEOS-2
SGLI/GCOM-C1
AVNIR-2/ALOS
PARASOL-POLDER
IPY
MODIS/EOS-Terra/1030
MODIS/EOS-Aqua
NPOESS C1
VIIRS/NPP am
SeaWiFS/SEASTAR
In orbit
Approved
Planned/Pending approval