Between 60,000-15,000 YA Homo sapiens spread throughout the world

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Between 60,000-15,000 YA Homo sapiens spread
throughout the world
Bering Land Bridge open to foot travel between
60,000 15,000 years ago Human populations moved
from Beringia to the Americas 13,000 years ago
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Clovis projectile points 11,000 years old
Paleolithic Era (2.6 MYA)
Folsom projectile points 10,000 years old
Some evidence of settled life Natufians,
eastern Mediterranean Jomon, central
Japan Chinook, NW North America
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The Neolithic Revolution 12,000-6000 years ago
Revolution vs Transition??
Cultivation and Domestication??
1 9000 BCE
3 5000 BCE
2 7000 BCE
Why did agriculture develop in some areas and
not in others??
Agriculture developed independently in various
areas of the world
Independent Invention vs Cultural Diffusion??
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Agriculture and Population Growth
Before Neolithic Revolution, global population
4 million
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What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of
Settled Life?
Jericho, Israel 8000 BCE
Catal Huyuk, Anatolia 7250-5400 BCE
Benefits of these technologies?
Pottery 10,000 BCE Jomon, Japan Metallurgy 6000
BCE copper Middle East Textiles 6000 BCE
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Paleolithic VS. Neolithic?
Advantages of Settled Life Disadvantages of Settled Life

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Paleolithic VS. Neolithic?
Advantages of Settled Life Disadvantages of Settled Life

Predictable food supply Ability to generate a
food surplus Could sustain larger
populations Less vulnerable to environment More
stable and secure societies Less infanticide/
senilicide More free time for non-food
related activities Allowed for craft
specialization Allowed for the development of
culture
Class distinctions based on wealth Need to secure
order Need to develop means to protect towns,
villages and people Clustered communities led to
greater risk of epidemic diseases Less
egalitarian Gender roles develop
(patrilineal) Greater risk to the
environment Loss of mobile lifestyle leads to
re- ordering of cultural values
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Civilization??
What issues are problematic with the use of the
word civilization?
Are there qualities that all complex societies
share and if so, what are they?

• Qualities that all Complex Societies share
• Surplus of resources
• Trade
• Cities
• Craft and economic specialization
• Social stratification
• Some kind of organized system of government
• A codified system of law
• Religion or some kind of complex belief system
• Written language
• Arts, architecture and other cultural tradition

First Cities appear in the Tigris and Euphrates
River Valley 4000 BCE
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Chapter 2 Early Societies in SW Asia and the
Indo-European Migrations
Early Mesopotamia 3000-2500 BCE
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GEOGRAPHY Theme 1 Human-Environment Interaction
Tigris-Euphrates River Valley Arid Climate Few
Natural Resources Sumer Elaborate Irrigation
Systems Populations competed for limited resources
Russian Steppes Pastoral Nomads
Indo-Europeans Domesticated Horses Migrated over
extensive areas (central Asia by 2000 BCE then
Greece, Italy, central and western Europe,
Britain later went into Iran and India (South
Asia)
Phoenicians along the Eastern Mediterranean Shipb
uilding technologies Led to extensive utilization
of the sea trade and economic stability
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Indo-European Migrations 3000-1000 BCE
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RELIGION/BELIEF SYSEM ACHIEVEMENTS Theme 2
Development and Interaction of Cultures
POLYTEISM (Ziggaruts) Early Mesopotamia MONOTHEIS
M Hebrews, Israelites and Jews pastoral
nomads, borrowed heavily from Mesopotamian
traditions (more so than Egypt) Hebrews
monotheism (after 900 BCE, Moses embraces single
god Yahweh Hebrew written script Torah (later
influence?) Israelities eventually settled in
Judea known as Jews
Sumer 3500 BCE Wheel 4500 BCE
Cuneiform Literature (Epic of Gilgamesh) (2150
BCE) Phoenicians Shipbuilding technologies Bronze
technology (copper and tine) 4000 BCE Iron
metallurgy (1000 BCE) Astronomy, Calendars,
Mathematics Phonetic Alphabet
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Epic of Gilgamesh 12 tablets
Remains of the Ziggarut of Ur
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Israel and Phoenicia 1500-600 BCE
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Jewish Community Phoenicians
Unified under a monarchy Monotheistic Settled
agriculturalists Built an elaborate cosmopolitan
city (Jerusalem) No ziggaruts (associated with
the false Mesopotamian gods)
No unifying monarchy (instead have city-states
that were independent and ruled by local
kings) No agriculture Polytheistic Ziggaruts Excel
lent sailors, shipbuilders Established extensive
trade networks throughout Mediterranean
Literary tradition important (Old Testament/
Phoenician alphabet) Adopted Mesopotamian
traditions, laws and customs Subjugated and
overpowered by neighboring peoples Great
influence over their neighboring geographic
areas Distinct social classes Specialized
labor Specialized economies Constructed societies
there were more complex than earlier societies
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POLITICAL SYSTEMS and STRUCTURES Theme 3 State
Building, Expansion and Conflict
What are the motivations for state building and
expansion?
City-states/ ruled by absolute monarchs Hittites
2000 BCE Rise and Fall? Centralized Authority
tied to the gods Sargon of Akkad (2370-2315 BCE)
all of Mesopotamia, into the Black Sea
(taxes) Assyrian Empire (1300-612 BCE) MERIT,
Rise and Fall?? Babylonian Empire King Hammurabi
(1792-1750 BCE) Code of Hammurabi (Lex talionis)
Expansion and Conflict
Early conflict led to building of defensive
walls, strong military Assyrians powerful
army, chariots, iron weapons,
archers Hebrews/Israelites conquered by
Egyptians, Assyrians, and Babylonians
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Code of Hammurabi (1750 BCE) 282 laws

• From the time that the woman entered into the
  mans house they together shall be liable for all
  debts subsequently incurred.
• If a mans wife, for the sake of another, has
  caused her husband to be killed, that woman shall
  be impaled.
• If a man has committed incest with his daughter,
  that
• man shall be banished from the city.
• If a man, after his fathers death, has lain in
  the bosom of his mother, they shall both of them
  be burnt together.
• If a son strike his father, his hands shall be
  (cut) off.
• If a (noble) man put out the eye of another
  (noble) man,
• his eye shall be put out.
• If he break another (noble) mans bone, his bone
  shall be broken.
• If he put out the eye of a (commoner), or break
  the bone of a (commoner), he shall pay one
  (silver) mina.

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Mesopotamian Empires 1800-600 BCE
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ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Theme 4 Creation, expansion
and interaction of economic systems
Small scale agriculture (elaborate irrigation
canals) (wheat, barley, rye, beer, wine, grapes,
onions) Food surplus population
increase Invention of the wheel facilitated
trade Improved shipbuilding facilitated
trade Trade throughout the Mediterranean Basin,
Indus River Valley, Egypt and Afghanistan (by
2000 BCE)
State-level Economic success tied to political
control of the economy (taxes, regulation and
control of trade and trade routes)
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION Theme 5 Development and
transformation of social structures
With population increase, and wealth social
stratification PATRIARCHAL Kings (hereditary) and
nobles, priests/priestess, free commoners
(peasants), dependent clients (no property),
slaves (how?)
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The Royal Standard of Ur 2700 BCE
What type of professions are being
represented? Who might have created this? Does
dress indicate different social status? Does
anything else? Does painting demonstrate any
other cultural values? If so, what?