Clitics: a) dA (additive, enumerating, adversative, and continuative) b) bile c) ki

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Cliticsa) dA (additive, enumerating,
adversative, and continuative)b) bile c) ki
Prepared by Cendel Karaman
A Deep Approach to Turkish Teaching and
Learning Wisconsin Center for Education Research,
University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Introduction

• Here, we will study linguistic units (often
  appearing as a separate word) that do not fully
  convey meaning on their own.
• In the Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics
  defines clitics as any grammatical unit that is
  not straightforwardly either an affix or a word
  on its own (Matthews, 2007, p. 59)
• Some commonly used clitics in Turkish are dahi,
  bile, ki, mI, ya, and ise.

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Introduction

• dA is commonly used in the sense of too and
  also
• For example
• Ben de ögretmenim. I am also a teacher
• Araba da aldik We also bought a car
• This does not mean we bought a car as you did
  but it means in addition to other things we
  bought a car

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dA

• The clitic dA can function as additive,
  enumerating, adversative, and continuative.
  (Göksel and Kerslake, 2005, p. 110).
• Now lets explore each use in sample sentences.
• a) additive
• Ben hiç konusmadim. Dinlemedim de.
• I did not speak at all. Moreover, I did not
  listen.

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dA

• Now lets explore other uses in sample sentences.
• b) enumerating
• Ali de Sinem de baskan adayi...
• Both Ali and Sinem are presidential candidates

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dA

• c) adversative
• Ben oraya gitmedim de arkadasim gitmis.
• I did not go there but my friend has been
  there.
• d) Continuative/topic shifting
• Getirdigim yemegi de bu sabah yaptim.
• As for the dish I brought, I made that this
  morning

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bile

• This clitic functions as an additive
• Ali bile spor yapiyor. Even Ali does sports
• Ali spor bile yapiyor Ali even does sports
• Ali çikti bile Ali already left

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ki

• Borrowed from Persian, this clitic primarily
  functions as a clause connector. Here are some
  examples
• a) Görüyorum ki çok iyi hazirlanmissin. I see
  that you have prepared very well
• b) Onu çagirdim ki bize yardimci olsun.
• I called him so that he would help us
• c) Ben bir sey anlamadim ki
• I just couldnt understand anything
• d) Eger gelirse ki gelecegini sanmiyorum onunla
  tartisma.
• If he comes, which I dont think he will, do not
  argue with him
• For more examples, see (Göksel and Kerslake,2005,
  pp. 111-112)

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References

• Göksel, A. Kerslake, C. (2005). Turkish A
  comprehensive grammar. New York, NY Routledge.
• Matthews, P. H. (2007). Oxford concise dictionary
  of linguistics. Oxford Oxford University Press.