HAPPY TUESDAY!!!

1
HAPPY TUESDAY!!!

• Take out your vocab so I can check it and get
  ready to start a new unit!!
• The following people got an A on the Quest
• Christina -Emily
• Ritvik -Andie
• Amanda
• Melissa
• Kyle

2
The New Nation

• Washington and Adams Administrations

3
A New Government

• President George Washington
• Unanimous choice for the first president
• Strong national leader
• Hero of the Revolution
• Encouraged nationalism- pride in ones country
• Washington created executive departments which
  became his first cabinet

4
Washingtons Cabinet

• Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson
• Dealt with foreign affairs
• Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton
• Managed finance
• Secretary of War Henry Knox
• Handled military matters
• Attorney General Edmund Randolph
• Chief lawyer of the federal government

5
Judiciary Act of 1789

• The Constitution had authorized Congress to set
  up a federal court system but didnt say exactly
  how
• Set up a Supreme Court (Chief Justice and 5
  associate justices), 3 federal courts and 13
  federal district courts
• Section 25 allowed state court decisions to be
  appealed when constitutionality was in question
  and stated that federal law was supreme

6
Domestic Issues

• Next order of business was to repay the war debt
• Hamilton pushes through an excise tax- a tax on
  products manufacture, sale or distribution- will
  be charged on whiskey
• Angered frontier farmers-whiskey main source of
  cash
• Hamilton proposed to pay off foreign debt 1st
• Nation couldnt truly be independent as long as
  they owed other nations
• Also proposed that the fed. govt assume the
  debts of the states
• Thought it would give states incentive to support
  the govt
• Angered Southerners b/c they had already paid off
  most of their debts-would be taxed to pay off
  Northern debts

7
Hamiltons National Bank

• Hamilton proposed the creation of the National
  Bank
• Funded by both the fed. govt wealthy private
  investors
• The Bank of the United States would issue paper
  money and handle tax receipts and other govt
  funds
• Hamilton favored a loose interpretation of the
  Constitution and the elastic clause (Article 1
  Section 8, Number 18)- necessary and proper

8
Opposition to Hamiltons Plan

• James Madison claimed the bank would form an
  unhealthy alliance between the govt and wealthy
  business interest
• Thomas Jefferson and Madison favored a strict
  interpretation of the Constitution- if it doesnt
  say it in the document, you cant do it
• Constitution doesnt say anything about the
  National Bank

9
Hamilton, Jefferson and Madison Compromise

• Hamilton proposes that the nations capital be
  moved from NYC to Virginia
• Pleased southerners, particularly Virginians such
  as Jefferson and Madison
• Southern site for the capital would make the
  govt more responsive to their interests
• 1790, the debt bill is passed
• National Bank is created
• Capital moved to Virginia- Washington D.C
• Planned by Pierre LEnfant and later Andrew
  Ellicott

10
Whiskey Rebellion

• Frontier Farmers were furious over the excise tax
  (a.k.a the whiskey tax)
• 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay the
  tax
• Farmers beat up federal marshals in Pittsburgh
  and even threatened to secede from the Union
• 15,000 militiamen along with Washington and
  Hamilton hiked over the Allegheny Mtns and
  scattered the rebels without a single loss of life

11
Political Parties

• Form at the end of Washingtons presidency
• Formed around the issue of the power and size of
  the fed govt in relation to the state and local
  govts
• Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton and John
  Adams
• Believed a strong national govt and industrial
  economy
• Democratic-Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson
• Believed in a weak national govt and
  agricultural economy

12
Foreign Issues

• France Revolution going on- Americans support
  until France declared war on Britain
• Jefferson and Democratic- Republicans supported
  France, Hamilton and Federalists supported the
  British
• Washington declare neutrality in 1793- US staying
  out of it!

13
Pinckney Treaty

• Thomas Pinckney
• US wanted to secure land claims west of the
  Appalachian Mtns and gain shipping rights on the
  Mississippi River.
• makes a treaty with Spain which owned Florida
  and the Louisiana Territory
• Gained all land east of Appalachian (except FL)
• US gains navigation rights of the Mississippi
  River
• Use of the port of New Orleans
• Allows US to trade a lot easier and a lot more
• Shorter trade routes and more efficient

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15
Jays Treaty

• John Jay
• Background since US was neutral, US expected
  free shipping rights. Great Britain began
  seizing US ships and began the impressments
  policy- forcible seizure of men for military
  service
• Treaty called for Brit. to abandon posts in
  northwest region of US
• NOTHING about impressments- angered people

16
President John Adams

• Election of 1796
• John Adams/ Pinckney v. Jefferson/ Burr
• North for Adams, South for Jefferson- leads to
  sectionalism
• Loser of the election becomes Vice President
• Federalist President, Democratic-Republican VP
• Administration begins with problems
• Possible war with France

17
XYZ Affair

• French thought US was making an alliance with the
  British and began seizing US ships
• Adams sent 3 envoys to work things out with
  French foreign minister Talleyrand
• Not allowed to meet with him unless pay 250,000-
  REALLY high bribe- Adams doesnt pay
• creates Navy and authorizes US ships to seize
  French ones (undeclared war)
• Many want war to expand but Adams doesnt
• Tries to negotiate no more treaty, pay for
  damages, no more seizing ships
• Adams gets peace but ruins his political career

18
Legislation to hurt Dem.-Reps.

• Congress passes 3 laws
• Naturalization Act- increased the amount of time
  necessary for immigrants to become citizens from
  5 to 14 years
• Alien Act- Immigrants had to register with govt
  and made it easy for them to be deported if Pres.
  Felt they were a danger to the US
• Sedition Act- crime to criticize the govt
• Passed because immigrants tended to gravitate to
  D-R
• Federalists felt that they cannot trust
  foreigners
• Actually made D-R stronger

19
The States Respond

• Jefferson and Madison see the Alien and Sedition
  acts as misuse of power by the fed govt
• Virginia/ Kentucky Resolution
• Stressed the compact theory- states entered into
  a compact when they agreed to the Constitution
• Fed govt was created by the states to serve as
  their agent
• State legislatures could therefore declare laws
  of Congress unconstitutional and consider them
  void (nullification)
• Cant really do this but it was used as a campaign
  ploy for the election of 1800

20
Caricature

• Create a caricature of Hamilton and Jefferson.
• You must include at least 7 characteristics or
  issues unique to both Jefferson and Hamilton
• You MUST COLOR the pictures and I should CLEARLY
  be able to tell what you drew.

21
HAPPY FRIDAY!!

• Take out your chart so I can check it
• Pick up a Caricature on the stand in the front
• Color the Caricature of Hamilton and Jefferson
• Around each of them, draw 5 things that describe
  them
• You must color the pictures and I should CLEARLY
  be able to tell what you drew

22
Daily Quiz 1

• Who served as Washingtons Secretary of Treasury?
• What was the cause of the Whiskey Rebellion?
• What two political parties emerged at the end of
  Washingtons presidency?
• Which act passed by congress made it illegal to
  criticize the government?
• What resolution gave states the right to nullify
  any act of congress that they deemed
  unconstitutional?

23
New Nation

• Jeffersons Presidency

24
Thomas Jefferson

• Election of 1800- Jefferson (D-R) v. Adams (Fed.)
• Marked the first time that power was transferred
  from one party to another- REVOLUTION OF 1800
• we are all Federalists, we are all
  Democratic-Republicans
• Jefferson helps the common man
• Repeals the excise tax and the Naturalization Act
• Alien and Sedition Acts expire

25
Marbury v.Madison(1803) Background

• While Adams was President he appointed John
  Marshall, a Federalist, to be Chief Justice of
  the Supreme Court
• His decisions consistently strengthened the power
  of the federal government at the expense of the
  power of state governments
• Prior to leaving office, Adams pushed through the
  Judiciary Act of 1801, which increased the number
  of federal judges by 16
• Filled these positions with Federalists
• Called midnight judges b/c Adams signed their
  appointments late on his last day of office

26
Marbury v. Madison Case

• William Marbury was one of these judges but never
  received his official papers
• James Madison was Jeffersons Secretary of State
• Judiciary Act of 1789 required the Supreme Court
  to order the papers to be delivered
• Marshall decided the Judiciary Act was
  unconstitutional- Constitution didnt empower the
  Sup. Court to issue such orders
• Decision established JUDICIAL REVIEW- the ability
  of the Supreme Court to declare an act of
  Congress unconstitutional

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As a D-R, Jefferson believed in

• Rights of the common man
• Faming and agriculture
• States rights
• Strict interpretation of the constitution
• France
• Low tariffs
• Small military

29
Military problems

• Jefferson didnt like a large standing army so he
  reduced it to 2500 men
• Reduced the navy as well
• Pirates of North Africa had been
  blackmailing/plundering merchant ships in the
  Mediterranean Sea
• Federalists had been paying the bribes
• 1801- Pasha of Tripoli wants more money-
  undeclared war on US

30
Jeffersons Response

• Sends the small navy to fight
• Very different from what he previously believed
  in (pacifist)
• Enlarges the navy
• 1805- Treaty

31
Impact

• Set pattern for dealing with other North African
  countries- show of power
• Navy gets tons of experience
• Get respect internationally
• Jefferson changes his view on the navy

32
Louisiana Purchase

• Americans continue their migration west over the
  Appalachians
• 1800, Napoleon Boneparte of France persuaded
  Spain to return the LA Territory
• Jefferson feared a strong French presence in the
  mid-continent would force the U.S. into an
  alliance with Britain
• T.J. worried the French would close the port of
  New Orleans and block development west

33
LA Purchase continued

• Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to negotiate
  the purchase of New Orleans and Florida from
  France
• U.S. bought the territory for 15 million
• T.J. worried that this is unconstitutional
• Eased by the elastic clause
• The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the
  United States

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35
Lewis and Clark

• Jefferson appointed Mariwether Lewis to lead an
  expedition called the Corp of Discovery from St.
  Louis to the Pacific coast
• T.J. ordered them to collect scientific
  information about unknown plants and animals and
  to learn as much as possible about Native
  American tribes
• William Clark chosen as 2nd in command
• Met- Sacajawea- Native American woman who served
  as a guide and interpreter
• Expedition took 2 years and 4 months

36
Happy Monday!!!

• Take out your case study so I can check it
• Did you know In the US more gold is used to make
  class rings than any other piece of jewelry

37
Daily Quiz 2

• Who was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme
  Court?
• What major idea came out of the ruling on the
  case Marbury v. Madison?
• From what country did Jefferson purchase the
  Louisiana Territory from?
• Why was Jefferson worried about the LA Purchase?
• Who was sent out to explore the LA Territory?

38
New Nation

• War of 1812

39
Britain v. France

• 1803, Britain and France go to war- AGAIN!
• Threatens American shipping
• Napoleon tries to exclude British goods from
  Europe
• Britain blockades (seals off) its ports and
  prevent ships from entering or leaving
• Order of Council
• Britain also forcing American sailors into the
  British Navy (impressments)

40
Chesapeake Incident (1807)

• Commander of a British warship demanded the right
  to board and search the US ship Chesapeake
• Looking for British deserters
• US captain refused, and the British opened fire
• Killing 3 Americans, wounding 18

41
Embargo Act (1807)

• Jefferson convinces Congress to declare an
  embargo- ban on exporting products to other
  countries
• Believed it would hurt Britain and other European
  powers and force them to honor American
  neutrality
• Hurt America more and in 1809 the embargo was
  lifted
• Except for Britain and France- still couldnt
  trade with them

42
Tecumsehs Confederacy

• 1809- General William Henry Harrison (governor of
  Indiana Territory) persuaded Native American
  tribes to sign away 3 million acres of land to
  the US govt
• Shawnee chief Tecumseh refused- formed a
  confederacy- a united Native American nation
• Began negotiating with Britain for assistance in
  war with Americans

43
War Hawks call for War

• 1811- Tecumseh's brother led an attack on
  Harrison- Battle of Tippecanoe
• Native Americans were using arms from British
  Canada
• Harrison strikes back and burned the Shawnee
  capital
• Harrison becomes a national hero
• Young Congressmen from the South and West known
  as WAR HAWKS called for war against Britain
• Led by Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
  and Henry Clay of Kentucky (Speaker of the House
  of Representatives)
• Motto was On to Canada!

44
James Madison as President

• Democratic-Republican- won election of 1808
• Both Britain and France promised to stop
  violating US rights but impressments still going
  on
• Congress declared war in 1812
• Madison believed Britain was trying to strangle
  American trade and cripple American economy

45
War of 1812

• Declared war in June 1812
• Britain repealed the Orders of Council
  (impressments) but it was too late
• US was unprepared for war
• British captured Detroit and US failed to take
  Montreal
• British invaded Washington D.C. in 1814
• Burned the Capitol, White House and other public
  buildings
• From there they proceeded to Baltimore and
  attacked Fort McHenry

46
War of 1812 cont.

• During the fighting, Francis Scott Key wrote the
  poem Defense of Fort McHenry
• Later put to the tune of an old pub song and
  became the Star Spangled Banner
• Battle of New Orleans 1815
• Led by General Andrew Jackson
• Troops defeated the British
• Fighting ended after this battle

47
Treaty of Ghent

• Unknown to Jackson, British and American
  diplomats had signed a peace treaty, before
  battle of NO
• Signed Christmas Eve 1814- declared an armistice
  (end fighting)
• Didnt address the issue of impressments or
  neutral shipping rights

48
Nationalism and Change

• North and South were developing different
  economies (industry in north, agriculture in
  south)
• Madison wanted to unite the regions and create a
  strong, stable, self-sufficient economy
• Developed a transportation system- National Roads
  and the Erie Canal (The Big Ditch)
• Established protective tariffs
• Resurrected the national bank
• Even former critics rallied behind this plan
• Henry Clay promoted this plan as the AMERICAN
  SYSTEM

49
American System

• Clay explained that the American System would
  unite the nations economic interest
• Industrial north would produce the manufactured
  goods that farmers in the south and west would
  buy
• Agricultural south would produce most of the
  grain, meat and cotton needed in the north
• National currency and transportation system would
  aid in the exchange of goods
• America would be economically independent of
  Britain and France

50
Supreme Court and Nationalism

• Chief Justice John Marshall used the Sup. Court
  to ensure that the fed. govt had the power to
  regulate everything that crossed state lines
  (interstate commerce)
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
• MD charged high taxes on the local branch of the
  Bank of US- wanted to make it fail
• Marshall claimed that if this was allowed states
  would be overturning laws passed by Congress and
  denied MD the right to tax the bank
• the power to tax is the power to destroy

51
JQA and nationalism

• In the midst of all this James Monroe is elected
  President
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams establishes
  foreign policy guided by nationalism-the belief
  that national interest should be placed ahead of
  regional concerns or the interests of other
  countries
• Convention of 1818- fixed US border at the 49th
  parallel up to Rocky Mtns
• 1819, Adams-Onis Treaty-Spain gave Florida to the
  US as well as claims to the Oregon Territory

52
Monroe Doctrine

• Spain and Portugal defeated Napoleon (France) in
  1815, and wanted to reclaim territory in Latin
  America
• Russians had been in Alaska since 1784, and
  established trading posts in present day
  California
• With all these countries moving in, US had to do
  something
• Many Americans wanted to get northern Mexico and
  Cuba from Spain
• Russians posed a threat to American trade with
  China

53
Monroe Doctrine cont.

• Monroe sends a message to Congress in 1823
• Latin America closed off to colonization
• Doing so would threaten the peace and safety of
  the US
• The US would not intervene in European affairs

54
HAPPY THURSDAY!!!

• Look over ALL your notes titled New Nation and
  get ready for the quiz
• I will come around and check your homework
• Did you know The cost to mint a penny is more
  than 1 cent

55
New Nation

• Age of Jackson- Trail of Tears

56
Election of 1824

• 4 candidates running- All call themselves
  Republicans
• Andrew Jackson (Tennessee- wins popular vote but
  not electoral votes)
• John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts)
• William Crawford (Georgia- has a stroke, not able
  to finish)
• Henry Clay (Kentucky- Big Loser)

57
Election 1824 cont.

• No clear winner- no majority
• 12th Amendment states that the House of
  Representatives must choose among the top 3
  finishers
• Clay was the Speaker of the House and in charge
  of selection- lots of power in his hands
• Sided with John Q. Adams
• Hates Jackson
• JQA was a nationalist and supported the American
  System
• Manipulated the voting and secured JQA as
  president
• Became the Secretary of State
• Known as the corrupt bargain
• Jackson leaves the party

58
John Q. Adams as President

• Horrible president
• Hurt by 3 things
• Corrupt bargain
• Doesnt reward party members with positions
• Hatred between Adams and Jackson

59
Election of 1828

• 2 new parties emerge
• National Republicans (Whigs- Republicans)
• Clay, John Q. Adams
• Big on nationalism
• Throwback to the federalists- Wealthy, pro bank,
  strong central govt, liked business
• Democrats
• Jackson, Martin Van Buren
• Somewhat Jeffersonian- common man, small farmers,
  city workers
• Big on mudslinging
• Adams on Jackson mother is a prostitute, duels,
  wife martial scandal
• Jackson on Adams pool tables gaming tables

60
Election of 1828 cont.

• Before the election the right to vote was limited
  to wealthy, white, landowning men and most
  Americans were ok with that
• By 1828, most states had dropped the landowning
  qualification and more men voted- giving Jackson
  the edge
• Political shift away from the conservative
  eastern seaboard to support from the west and
  south

61
Jackson as President

• Individualistic, temper
• From the west, didnt go to college
• Portrayed as the common man but not really-
  rich, had lots of slaves and land
• Suspicious of the federal government rule by the
  elite
• Favored states rights
• At times went against Congress and the Sup. Court

62
Jacksons spoils system

• Spoils System- rewarding political supporters
  with public office
• Jackson used this more than anyone before him
• Threw out former appointees and replaced them
  with his own friends
• Fired nearly 10 of federal employees from Adams
  administration
• His friends became his primary advisors, called
  his kitchen cabinet
• B/c they slipped into the White House through the
  Kitchen

63
Treatment of Native Americans

• Most Americans held one of two attitudes towards
  Indians
• Displacement and dispossession
• Convert them to Christianity and absorb them into
  white culture
• Since the War of 1812, some southeastern tribes
  (Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek and
  Chicksaw-) had begun to adopt White culture
• 5 civilized tribes- lived in Georgia, North
  Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi
  and Tennessee- all places whites wanted to live

64
Indian Removal Act 1830

• Jackson was not satisfied with the tribes
  assimilating (becoming more white)
• Felt it was unwise to regard the tribes as
  separate nations within individual states
• Would require too many troops to keep the areas
  free from white settlers
• Only solution was to move them west to Indian
  Territory in present day Oklahoma
• Voluntary at first, then they were forcibly
  removed
• More than 100,000 Indians were removed
• Bureau of Indian Affairs- established in 1836 to
  administer relations with NA

65
Cherokee Nation

• Developed certain aspects of society similar to
  whites
• Developed syllabic alphabet and had their own
  newspaper Cherokee
• Had a constitution similar to the U.S. and
  similar electoral system and an agriculture based
  economy
• Unfortunately sat on valuable land in NE Georgia
• Gold discovered in 1829
• Land could be used for cotton
• Cherokee right to the land had been recognized in
  a treaty of 1791
• Many Georgians ignored this

66
Cherokees Fight Back

• Cherokee v. Georgia (1831)
• Cherokee tried to stop GA declaration that
  Cherokee land was null and void
• Supreme Court ruled that though Cherokee lacked
  jurisdiction over land, it was a domestic
  dependent, nation possessing some sovereignty
• Still not a foreign nation
• Major blow to Cherokee rights as an independent
  nation

67
Cherokee Fight Back cont.

• Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
• Cherokee nation teamed up with Samuel Austin
  Worcester, a missionary who had been teaching
  Indians w/o a license
• Court would have to recognize a citizens right
  to be heard
• John Marshall ruled that GA had no right to
  regulate the Cherokee nor to invade their lands
• Jacksons Response John Marshall has made his
  decision let him enforce it if he can
• Cherokee realized their fate when Jackson ignored
  the Supreme Court

68
Trail of Tears

• 1838- 18,000 Cherokees forcibly removed from
  their homes and marched 1,000 miles to Indian
  Territory (Oklahoma)
• 4,000 died from malnutrition, exposure, cholera,
  and harsh treatment
• Soldiers forced the march with rifles and
  bayonets
• Robbed and ransacked on the way

69
Other Native American Fates

• 25 of Choctaws died en route to Indian Territory
• 3,500 out of 15,000 Creeks died during removal in
  1836
• Seminoles forced to merge with Creeks (old
  enemies) and relocate
• Waged war on each other in 2nd Seminole War
• 1,500 US soldiers died in the war too

70
Newspaper Reporter

• You will be assigned to write a newspaper article
  for either the Georgia Chronicles (American) or
  the Cherokee (Native American)
• You will write an editorial article about the
  Indian Removal Act of 1830 and the Trail of Tears
  from your assigned point of view (either as an
  American in Georgia, or a Cherokee Indian)
• You must tell of the conflicts going on (using
  information from your notes and textbook) and
  describe the general feeling of the group you are
  representing.

71
Happy Wednesday!

• Hope you enjoyed your break!!
• Take out your homework so I can come around and
  check it!

72
Daily Quiz 4

• Who wins the popular vote in the election of
  1824?
• Who wins the election of 1824?
• List 1 of the 2 new political parties that
  emerged in the election of 1828?
• What is the system of rewarded political
  supporters with public office called?
• What is the forcible removal of the Cherokees
  from their land called?

73
New Nation

• Andrew Jackson- National Bank

74
Tariff of 1828

• British manufacturers wanted to destroy American
  competitors by flooding the US market with
  inexpensive goods after War of 1812
• Congress responds by passing a tariff to protect
  American industries
• Jacksons VP John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
  called it a Tariff of Abomination
• The high tariff on manufactured goods reduced
  British exports to the US forcing the South to
  buy more Northern goods (more expensive)
• North getting rich at Souths expense

75
States Rights

• Calhoun had long been known as a nationalist but
  the tariff situation made him switch his views
• Calhoun devised a nullification theory which
  questioned the legality of applying some federal
  laws in sovereign states
• Each sovereign state had the right to reject a
  federal law that it viewed unconstitutional
• Believed that if the fed govt refused to allow
  state to nullify, the states could leave the
  Union

76
Webster-Hanye Debate

• January 1830- Senator Robert Hayne (SC) v. Daniel
  Webster (MA)
• Hayne supported ability to secede, Webster did
  not
• Everyone wanted to know Jacksons position- Our
  Union it must be preserved

77
Calhoun responds

• The Union, next to our liberty, the most dear
  may we all remember that it can only be preserved
  by respecting the rights of the States and
  distributing equally the benefit and burden of
  the Union
• Jackson is angry and will not stand for back talk
  from the states

78
Peggy Eaton Problem

• Wife of Secretary of War-Snubbed by the wives of
  Jacksons cabinet member (especially Calhoun's
  wife)
• Jackson stood up for Peggy (remembered how his
  wife was treated)
• Demanded the cabinet to make their wives
  recognize her
• Jackson began throwing out Calhouns allies in
  the cabinet
• Some over exaggerated Eaton Affair as a major
  cause of the civil war- cause a rift between
  Jackson and Calhoun

79
South Carolina rebels

• SC still angry over Tariff of Abomination
• Tariff of 1832 Jackson tried to lower the tariff
  of 1828
• Still didnt make South happy
• SC nullified the Tariff of 1832
• Threatened to secede from the Union
• Henry Clay proposes a compromise- reduce tariff
  by 10 over time

80
Election of 1832

• Henry Clay (National Republican) v. Jackson
  (Democrat)
• Anti-Masonic party- First 3rd party!
• Attracted evangelical groups

81
Jacksonian Democracy

• Aim was to divorce government from the economy
  (laissez faire)
• Return to Jeffersonian democracy
• Give power to the states- equal opportunity

82
Jackson and the National Bank

• Distrusted monopolistic banks and huge businesses
• Bank of US (BUS) was up for recharter
• Jackson vetoed the Charter
• Bank is trying to kill me but I will kill it!
• Removed federal deposits from the Bank of US and
  placed them in 23 pet banks- called this b/c of
  their loyalty to the Democratic Party

83
Whig Party formed

• Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Daniel Webster
  formed a new political party called the Whig
  Party
• Backed ideals of the American System
• Wanted protective tariffs and backed federal
  control of the banking system
• Became the foundation of the modern Republican
  Party

84
Van Buren picks up the pieces

• Martin Van Buren wins election of 1836
• Beats William Henry Harrison of Whig Party
• Hand picked by Jackson
• Major issue to face will be the panic of 1837

85
Panic of 1837

• Causes over speculation
• Many of Jacksons pet banks were wildcat banks
• Printed more money than they had gold and silver
  on reserve- no money when people wanted to cash
  in
• Causes huge issues when people are buying land
• Jackson made people pay for land in only gold or
  silver
• May 1837-banks stopped accepting paper money
• Banks closed and the credit system collapsed
• Hundred were bankrupt and lost their jobs
• 1840, Congress established a treasury that only
  used gold and silver but that made the problem
  worse

86
Harrison and Tyler

• Van Buren lost reelection to William Henry
  Harrison (Whig)
• Portrayed Harrison as a war hero and a man of the
  people and portrayed Van Buren as a pampered
  aristocrat
• Actually the opposite
• Harrison died a month after his inauguration
• John Tyler (VP) became President and went against
  the Whig platform- never meant to be Pres.

87
Happy Thursday!!!

• Hope you enjoyed your long weekend!!
• Pick up a Nine Week Evaluation on the stand in
  the front. Fill out what you can, I will pass
  out grade sheets to help you complete it

88
Daily Quiz 5

• What is the tariff of 1828 known as?
• What fancy French word is used to describe
  Jacksons economic policy of divorcing government
  from the economy?
• How did Jackson destroy the national bank
• What economic crisis did Jackson leave for Van
  Buren?
• Which Whig party candidate beats Van Buren for
  president?

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Quiz 5

• What is the tariff of 1828 known as?
• What fancy French word is used to describe
  Jacksons economic policy of divorcing government
  from the economy?
• How did Jackson destroy the national bank
• What economic crisis did Jackson leave for Van
  Buren?
• Which Whig party candidate beats Van Buren for
  president?

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New Nation

• Reform Movements

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Second Great Awakening

• Preachers rejected the 18th century Calvinist
  belief that God predetermined ones salvation or
  damnation (heaven or hell)
• Stressed individual responsibility for seeking
  salvation- people could improve themselves and
  society
• Christians churches competed to proclaim the
  message of a democratic God- possibility of
  salvation to anyone
• Held gatherings call revivals- emotional meeting
  designed to awaken religious faith

92
African-American Churches

• 2nd Great Awakening brought Christianity to
  slaves
• All people, black or white, belonged to the same
  God
• Baptist and Methodist churches opened to both
  races
• Many interpreted the Christian message as a
  promise of freedom
• African Methodist Episcopal Church became a
  political, cultural and social center

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Transcendentalism

• Philosophical and literary movement that
  emphasized living a simple life and celebrated
  truth found in nature and personal emotion and
  imagination
• Literary movement that stressed American
  optimism, freedom, and self reliance
• Henry David Thoreau lived on the shore of Walden
  Pond for 2 years
• Encouraged people to follow their inner voice
• Tried to create perfect societies (utopia)

94
Prison Reform

• Dorothea Dix visited jails and was horrified to
  see that mentally ill people were there
• Helped pass a law in Massachusetts to improve
  conditions
• Between 1845-1852 Dix persuaded 9 southern states
  to create separate facilities for the mentally
  ill
• Emphasized rehabilitation

95
Education Reform

• Before mid 1800s there was no uniform education
  policy
• 1830s- Americans demand for tax-supported public
  schools- still optional
• Horace Mann
• Established teacher-training programs
• Instituted curriculum reform and double the money
  spent on schools
• By 1850, every state had publicly funded
  elementary school

96
Abolitionist Movement

• Movement to outlaw slavery
• William Lloyd Garrison- white abolitionist,
  editor of The Liberator supporting emancipation
  (freeing of slaves)
• David Walker- advised slaves to fight for freedom
  and not sit back and wait
• Frederick Douglass- was taught to read and write-
  wrote his own anti-slavery newspaper The North
  Star

97
Temperance Movement

• Prohibit the drinking of alcohol
• Liquor was not only used as a beverage but was
  given to patients before surgery
• American Temperance Society was founded in 1826
• Held rallies, produced pamphlets and brought
  about a decline in alcohol consumption

98
Education for Women

• 1821- Emma Willard opened the first academically
  rigorous school for girls in NY
• Mount Holyoke Female Seminary- 1873
• First women's college
• Oberlin College- first coeducational college

99
Women and Health Reform

• Elizabeth Blackwell- first women to graduate from
  a medical college in 1849
• Opened the New York Infirmary for Women and
  Children
• Womens health was very poor- rarely bathed and
  little exercise

100
Womens Rights

• Seneca Falls Convention-1848
• Declaration of Sentiments- listing their
  grievances
• Fought for equality of men and women
• Mainly fought for womens right to vote
• Sojourner Truth- argued for women's rights and
  abolition

101
Workplace Reform

• Textile factories opened up in the North
• Women and Immigrants flooded to work in these
  factories
• Working conditions were very poor- long days and
  unsafe conditions
• Workers conducted strikes-work stoppage
• Unions were established to fight for working
  conditions

102
CLOSING QUESTION

• In the age of Jacksonian Democracy, why did
  people get involved? How successful was this age
  of Reform? Proof?

103
HAPPY MONDAY!

• Take out your Reform Movement Vanity plates I
  will come around and collect them
• Also take out your Nine Week Evaluation so I can
  collect those as well

104
Daily Quiz 6

• What literary movement stressed American
  optimism, freedom and self reliance?
• What religious movement brought Christianity to
  slaves?
• What was the movement to outlaw slavery called?
• What was the movement to prohibit alcohol called?
• At what meeting did women come together to list
  their grievances?

105
New Nation

• Manifest Destiny and War with Mexico

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Manifest Destiny

• The idea the Americans would expand to the
  Pacific Ocean started with Thomas Jefferson
  (Lewis and Clark expedition)
• Americans believed their movement westward and
  southward was destined and ordained by God
• An editor of a newspaper called it manifest
  destiny
• Westward movement was obvious

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Reasons for moving west

• The Panic of 1837 convinced people that they were
  better off with a fresh start in the West
• Tons of land out west
• Farming and mining for gold!!
• Transportation revolution increased trade
  opportunities with Asia- off pacific coast

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Trails West

• Santa Fe Trail- 780 miles from Independence,
  Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico
• Oregon Trail- Started in Independence, Missouri
  and ended in Portland, Oregon
• Fertile soil, lots of rainfall
• Traveled in wooden-wheeled Conestoga wagons
• Walked, and pushed handcarts
• Trip took months, many died of disease
• Caravans provided protection against NA attacks
  and loneliness
• By 1844, about 4,000 Americans settled in Oregon

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Mormon Movement

• Religious community
• Joseph Smith established the Church of Jesus
  Christ of Latter-day Saints in NY in 1830
• Moved to Illinois
• Brigham Young, Smith successor, decided to move
  beyond the boundaries of the US
• Settled in Utah near the Great Salt Lake

112
Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!

• 1844, James K. Polk ran for president on the
  platform that wanted to annex (take) all of the
  Oregon Territory
• Newspapers adopted the slogan Fifty-Four Forty
  or Fight!- referred to the latitude and
  longitude lines 54 degrees 40
• Peaceful agreement made- extend the boarder
  between US and Canada to 49th parallel

113
New Technology

• Many people moved west on railroads
• Eli Whitneys invention of the cotton gin made it
  possible for Southern farmers to grow
  short-staple cotton for profit
• Many southerners moved to new lands to grow
  cotton, spreading slavery to the deep south
• The conflict over the spread of slavery will
  eventually lead to the Civil War

114
Impact of Native Americans

• Conflict between Native Americans and settlers
  grew as more whites were moving west
• Native Americans continued to be removed from
  their homelands throughout the remainder of the
  19th century

115
War With Mexico-Background

• Mexico breaks from Spain in 1821- independent
• Mexican govt encouraged American farmers to
  settle in Mexico
• To prevent boarder violations by horse thieves
  and protect against NA attacks
• Offered land grants
• Americans pledged to obey Mexican laws and
  observed Roman Catholicism

116
US tries to buy Texas

• President JQA tried to buy Texas from Mexico for
  1 million- failed
• Jackson tried to buy Texas for 5 million- failed
• Tension between Mexico and Americans living in TX
  grew over cultural differences and slavery
• Many southerners moving in and bringing slaves
• Mexico abolished slavery in 1824
• Mexico seals its borders in 1830

117
Stephan Austin and Texas

• Austin established a colony between the Brazos
  and Colorado rivers- no drunkard, no gambler, no
  profane swearer, no idler would be allowed
• Austin wanted greater self-govt for Texas but
  was unsuccessful
• Mexican President, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
  imprisoned Austin for inciting revolution

118
The Alamo

• Santa Anna marched troops towards San Antonio
  with 4,000 men army- to make Texans obey his laws
• In 1835, Texans attacked and drove Mexican forces
  from the Alamo (an abandoned mission used as a
  fort)
• Santa Anna killed all the US defenders (including
  Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett)
• April 21, 1836, Sam Houston and Texans defeated
  Santa Anna and shouted Remember the Alamo!
• March 2, 1836- Texans declare their independence
  from Mexico
• 1845- Texas joins the Union

119
War With Mexico- Outbreak

• California tried to rebel against Mexico but is
  unsuccessful
• President James K. Polk sent John Slidell to
  Mexico to purchase California but Mexico refuses
• Rebels declared their independence from Mexico
• War started with Mexico over the southern border
  of Texas
• Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and
  attacked US forces that were positioned there led
  by Gen. Zachary Taylor
• War was declared May 1846

120
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• February 2, 1848- treaty signed by US and Mexico
• US received full title over Texas and Rio Grande
• US gained California and New Mexico territory
• Includes Utah, Nevada, and Colorado
• US bought California for 15 million
• Gadsden Purchase established the current
  boundaries of the lower 48 states

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