Title: America Becomes A Colonial Power
1(No Transcript)
2Essential QuestionWhy did America join the
imperialist club at the end of the 19c?
3America Becomes an Imperial Power
4Foreign Policy in the Gilded Age 18801890
- Population growing _at_ 50 million (1880)
- Industry 2 in the world (UK 1)
- America turned their attention inward after 1860
- Navy was small and inadequate
- State Dept. was on the sidelines as Congress
controlled the country - However U.S. was beginning to out-grow its
borders - The West was closed off (Turner Thesis) so now
what? - --------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------- - American diplomacy in these years has been
characterized as a series of incidents, not the
pursuit of foreign policy. -
5Alaska
6Sewards Folly 1867
7.2 million
7WHY did the U.S. buy Alaska??
- Alaska had been settled by Russian fur traders in
the late 1700s, but by 1867 fur sources were
becoming scarce. - In addition, Russia was struggling to recover
from the Crimean War. As a result, Russia offered
to sell Alaska to the United States. - Overcoming strong opposition from Congress,
Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska
for 7.2 million in 1867. - Critics scoffed at Sewards Folly, thinking
that the territory was a frozen wasteland. But
after gold and oil were discovered, Americans
appreciated the bargain. Seward also acquired the
Midway Islands that same year.
8Hawaii "Crossroads of the Pacific"
9Case StudyHawaii and Gilded Age Expansionism
- 1870s American businessmen invested in
Hawaiian sugar - 1875 the sale of Hawaiian sugar in the U.S.
became duty-free. - Over the years American businessmen increased
their investments and control over the Hawaiian
economy. - 1887 Hawaiians forced to sign the Bayonet
Constitution - a) forced King Kalakaua to change the Hawaiian
constitution only allowing wealthy (American!)
landowners voting rights - b) allowed for the construction of Pearl Harbor
- - to protect American businessmen and their
business interests. - 1890 McKinley Tariff eliminated duty-free
Hawaiian sugar, thus creating
more competition for sugar in
the American market . . . And Americans in
Hawaii were NOT happy . . .
10U. S. View of Hawaiians
11Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
12The Hawaiian Republic
- 1893 Sugar planters, already upset at the
tariff, revolted against the Queen when she
suggested drafting a new constitution that would
take voting rights away from America. - USS Boston sailed into Honolulu Marines on shore
to protect American interests. - US took control of the government and sets up a
provisional government led by Sanford B. Dole. - Stevens immediately recognized Doles government
and sent it to Washington asking to annex the
island. - Cleveland said no to annexation, but recognized
Republic of Hawaii. - 1898 McKinley ? Hawaii becomes a territory
13U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
Sanford B. Dole
141. Commercial/Business Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments 1869-1908
152. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan -- The Influence of Sea Power on
History 1660-1783
163. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White MansBurden
The Hierarchyof Race
174. Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionariesin China, 1905
185. Closing the American Frontier
19Frederick Jackson Turners Frontier Thesis
20Cuba
21Spanish Misrule in Cuba
- Since the 1860s, Cuba sought independence from
Spain - 1895 Jose Marti began a guerilla war rebellion
to obtain Cuba independence from Spain. - Valeriano Weyler (Span. Com.) adopted a round
then up (concentration camp) style response.
22Valeriano The Butcher Weylers Reconcentration
Policy
23Causes of The Spanish- American War
241. Yellow Journalism Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer New York World
Hearst to Frederick Remington You furnish the
pictures, and Ill furnish the war!
- Pres. McKinley was more concerned about the
disruption of business and called for the war to
end in Cuba immediately or else. - Jingoismextreme nationalism marked by a
belligerent foreign policy.
William Randolph Hearst New York Journal
252. De Lôme Letter
- Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.
- Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and
abidder for the admirationof the crowd!
263. Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
27The Spanish-American WarCauses
- 3) The USS Maine Explodes
- 260 seamen dead
- McKinley now had to look at war as a possibility
- Tried to negotiate with Spain, but they rejected
the peace offering - War hawks in Congress pushed for war
- McKinley reluctantly went to war eventually saw
it as an opportunity for American expansion
28Theodore Roosevelt
- Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley
administration. - Imperialist and American nationalist.
- Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the
backbone of a chocolate éclair! - Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.
29But first . . .
30The Philippines
31The Spanish-American War (1898)That Splendid
Little War
- BEFORE TR headed to Cuba, he gave orders to
attack Philippines. - U.S. destroyed Spanish fleet in a matter of
hours. - Dewey received help on the mainland from rebel
leader Emilio Aguinaldo.
32Dewey Captures Manila!
33Meanwhile . . .the War in Cuba
- U.S. issued Teller Amendment promised to allow
Cuba to govern itself once freed from Spain. - Wool uniforms and mess kits from Civil War slowed
efforts! - Rough Riders (on foot) charged San Juan Hill.
- In less than 4 months, Spain was defeated.
34The Treaty of Paris 1898
- Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
- Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.
- U.S. agreed to pay 20 million for Philippines.
- The U. S. becomesan imperial power!
-
35Annexing the Philippines
- Having been promised independence for fighting
alongside the Americans against Spain, Filipinos
expected independence.
36Is He To Be a Despot?
37The American Anti-Imperialist
League
- Founded in 1899.
- Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and
WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders. - Campaigned against the annexation of
thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.
38The Philippines
- US refused to acknowledge the Filipino request
for independence. - Feeling betrayed, Emilio Aguinaldo Filipino
rebels enter a war against the U.S. - Jan. 1899 Aguinaldo proclaimed the Philippines
independent? - Philippine-American War (18991902) U.S.
deaths 4,200 - Filipino deaths 20,000
- Long-drawn out conflict with the use of some
brutal tactics by both sides.
39William H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the
Philippines
Taft (governor-general) promised indep. and high
degree of self-rule.
The Philippines would not be granted independence
until 1946.
40Cuban Independence?
- Teller Amendment (1898)
- Platt Amendment (1903)
- Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with
foreign powers that would endanger its
independence. - The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if
necessary to maintain an efficient, independent
govt. - Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for
naval and coaling station.
Senator Orville Platt
41Our Sphere of Influence
42America as a Pacific Power
43That damned cowboy is in the White House!!!
44Panama
45The Background Story
46- How Did Panama Become Independent?
- In 1903, French canal builders agreed to sell
their holdings/materials in their bankrupt Panama
company to the United States for 40 millionbut
the U.S. still needed the rights from Colombia. - Colombia (of which Panama was a province),
rejected the U.S. treaty offer of 10 million
250,000 yearly. - Unwilling to give up . . . and recognizing
Panamas desire for independence (there was a
small, established movement for independence),
the United States (TR) quietly encouraged Panama
to rebel. - The ensuing four-hour revolution,
under the watchful eye of two U.S.
gunboats, created the Republic of
Panama. - A few days later, the United States and
Panama signed a treaty to build the
canal.. . - I took the Isthmus, started the canal and
then left Congress not to debate the
canal, but to debate me." --Theodore
Roosevelt
47Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!
48Panama Canal
TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)
49The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
1905
Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as
elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by
some civilized nation, and in the Western
Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to
the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States,
however reluctantly, . . . to the exercise of an
international police power.
50U. S. Interventions in Latin America 1898-1920s
51America's New Role
52The Cares of a Growing Family
53Constable of the World
54The Great White Fleet 1907
55Tafts Dollar Diplomacy
- Improve financialopportunities for American
businesses. - Use private capital tofurther U. S.
interestsoverseas. - Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and
order abroad that would best promote Americas
commercial interests.
56Wilsons Moral Diplomacy
- The U. S. shouldbe the conscienceof the world.
- Spread democracy.
- Condemn colonialism, but . . .
57Uncle Sam One of the Boys?