Human Systems

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Human Systems
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Student Expectation B.10.B

• Describe the interactions that occur among
  systems that perform the functions of regulation,
  nutrient absorption, reproduction, and defense
  from injury or illness in animals.

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List of Body Systems

• Regulation
• - Integumentary System
• - Endocrine System
• - Excretory System
• - Nervous System
• Nutrient Absorption
• - Digestive System
• - Respiratory System
• - Circulatory System

Reproduction - Reproductive System Defense -
Lymphatic/Immune System - Muscular System
- Skeletal System - (Integumentary
System)
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• Regulation

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Integumentary System

• Structures
• Skin Cross-section
• epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, hair, sweat gland,
  sweat pore, oil gland (also known as sebaceous
  gland)
• Draw a Finger
• label the fingernail
• Function
• Serves as a barrier against infection and injury,
  helps to regulate body temperature provides
  protection against ultraviolet radiation from the
  sun. Skin is largest organ.

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Integumentary System Interrelationship

• Covers all other systems
• Endocrine Hormones stimulate oil secretion in
  skin
• Immune First line of defense
• Digestive Creation of Vitamin D
• Nervous- stimulus response
• Excretory helps regulates body temperature by
  releasing
• sweat and gasses.

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Endocrine System

• Structures
• Endocrine diagram
• hypothalamus, pancreas, ovaries, testes.
• Glands pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal
  
• Function
• Controls growth, development, metabolism and
  maintains homeostasis.

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ENDOCRINE System Interrelationships

• Reproductive stimulate puberty and birth of
  child (i.e.
• contractions,
  water breaking)
• Digestive stimulates metabolism of sugars
• Immune helps with immune responses
• Circulatory provides main transport medium for
  hormones
• Respiration Epinephrine increases respiration
  by dilating
• bronchioles

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Endocrine System
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Excretory System

• Structures
• Excretory System
• kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
• (also involved skin and lungs)
• Function
• Eliminates waste products from the body in ways
  that help maintain homeostasis.

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EXCRETORY System Interrelationships

• Circulatory Filters nitrogenous wastes from
• blood in kidneys
• Lymphatic Maintains water balance in blood
• Digestive nitrogenous wastes reabsorbed can
• exit Urea-made in liver
• Endocrine hormones regulate

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Excretory System
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Nervous System

• Structures
• - Nervous System
• brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves.
• Function
• Recognizes and coordinates bodys response to
  changes in internal and external environments.

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NERVOUS system Interrelationships

• Integumentary Sense of touch
• Respiratory Involuntary breathing
• Muscular Impulse to contract
• Digestive controls hunger

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Nervous System
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• Nutrient Absorption

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Digestive System

• Structures
• Digestive system
• mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and
  large intestines, rectum, pancreas, gallbladder,
  liver, salivary glands
• Function
• Converts food into simpler molecules that can be
  used by the cells of the body absorbs food
  eliminates wastes

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DIGESTIVE System Interrelationships

• Excretory Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• produced.
• Circulatory Moves nutrients through body.
• Endocrine Hormones allow organs to
• function/digest properly,
• metabolism, hunger
• Muscular Muscle increases movement of
• food through the whole
  digestive
• tract

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Digestive System
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Respiratory System

• Structures
• -Respiratory diagram
• nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
• Function
• Provides O2 needed for cellular respiration and
  removes excess CO2 from the body.

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RESPIRATION System Interrelationships

• Muscular Uses O2, increases respiration
• during exercise
• Circulatory Circulates O2 and CO2
• Nervous Fight or Flight affects breathing
• Excretory Kidneys dispose of other
• metabolic wastes (other
  than CO2)

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Respiratory System
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Circulatory System

• Structures
• Circulatory System
• capillaries (4), artery, vein, vena cava (2),
  aorta, heart, blood vessels
• Artery Cross Section
• white blood cells, platelets, red blood cells
• Function
• Brings O2, nutrients and hormones to cells,
  fights infection, removes cell waste, regulates
  body temperature, carries CO2 to lungs.

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CIRCULATORY System Interrelationships

• Endocrine Circulates hormones
• Lymphatic Returns fluids to circulatory
• system
• Digestive Brings nutrients that were
• reabsorbed in intestines
  to cells that need
• them
• Excretory System Removes wastes from blood
  stream
• Muscular Provides sugars and O2 needed for ATP
• synthesis during muscle
  contraction

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Circulatory System and Artery Cross Section
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• Reproduction

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Reproductive System

• Structures
• Female Reproductive System
• ovary, Fallopian tube, uterus, vagina, cervix
• Male Reproductive System
• testes, urethra, penis, prostate gland, seminal
  vesicle
• Function
• Creates gametes/reproductive cells,
• Nurtures/protects developing embryo (females)

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REPRODUCTIVE System Interrelationships

• Muscular supports reproductive organs and
• are active during childbirth
• Endocrine Secretes hormones that control
• sex organs
• Digestive developing fetus crowds digestive
• organs during pregnancy,
  which
• can cause heartburn,
  constipation, etc.

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• Defense from injury or illness

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Lymphatic / Immune Systems

• Structures
• - Lymphatic/Immune System
• White blood cells, tonsils, thymus, spleen,
  bone marrow, lymph nodes, (also included are
  white blood cells and lymph vessels)
• Function
• Immune Protects body from disease.
• Lymphatic Collects fluid lost from blood
  vessels and returns to the fluid to the
  circulatory system.

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Lymphatic / Immune SystemsInterrelationships

• Digestive Pathogens ingested are destroyed
• Excretory Fluid is filtered in kidneys
• Circulatory WBCs travel in blood vessels
• fluid is returned into
  vessels
• Skeletal Cells are made in bone marrow
• Integumentary Skin acts as a barrier

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Lymphatic / Immune Systems
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Muscular System

• Structures
• muscle tissue types
• skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
  and give brief description of each
• structure of skeletal muscle
• skeletal muscle, bundle of muscle fibers,
  single
• muscle fiber
• Function
• Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary
  movement helps to circulate blood and move food
  through the digestive system.

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MUSCULAR system interrelationships

• Circulatory Circulates O2 to muscles
• (heart is composed of
  cardiac muscle)
• Skeletal helps creates movement
• Digestive provides sugar needed for ATP
• synthesis
• Nervous Stimulates muscle contraction and
• movement

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3 Types of Muscle Tissue
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Skeletal System

• Structures
• - Bone Cross Section
• bone marrow, spongy bone, compact
• bone, osteocyte (bone cell)
• Knee Structure
• femur bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, red
  marrow
• Function
• Supports body, protects internal organs, allows
  movement, stores minerals, provides a site for
  RBC formation.

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SKELETAL system interrelationships

• Muscular Provides support, creates movement
• Circulatory provides RBCs
• Digestive Provides nutrients needed for healthy
  
• bone growth
• Endocrine hormones regulate growth
• Nervous Protection of brain/spinal cord

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Knee Structure and Bone Cross Section
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Skeletal System Facts

• When you are born, you have over 300 bones. As
  you grow these bones fuse together and result in
  about 206 bones.
• The largest bone is the pelvis, or hip bone. In
  fact it is made of six bones joined firmly
  together.
• The longest bone is the 'femur', in the thigh. It
  makes up almost one quarter of the body's total
  height.
• The smallest bone is the 'stirrup', deep in the
  ear. It is hardly larger than a grain of rice.
• The ears and end of the nose do not have bones
  inside them. Their inner supports are cartilage
  or 'gristle', which is lighter and more flexible
  than bone. This is why the nose and ears can be
  bent.
• After death, cartilage rots faster than bone.
  This is why the skulls of skeletons have no nose
  or ears.

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Muscular System Facts

• There are about 60 muscles in the face. Smiling
  is easier than frowning. It takes 20 muscles to
  smile and over 40 to frown.
• The longest muscle in the body is the sartorius,
  from the outside of the hip, down and across to
  the inside of the knee. It rotates the thigh
  outwards and bends the knee.
• The smallest muscle in the body is the stapedius,
  deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner
  than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.
• The biggest muscle in the body is the gluteus
  maximus, in the buttock. It pulls the leg
  backwards powerfully for walking, running and
  climbing steps.

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Circulatory System Facts

• The heart beats around 3 billion times in the
  average person's life.
• About 2 million blood cells die in the human body
  every second, and the same number are born each
  second.
• Within a tiny droplet of blood, there are some 5
  million red blood cells, 300,000 platelets and
  10,000 white cells.
• It takes about 1 minute for a red blood cell to
  circle the whole body.
• Red blood cells make approximately 250,000 round
  trips of the body before returning to the bone
  marrow, where they were born, to die.
• Red blood cells may live for about 4 months
  circulating throughout the body, feeding the 60
  trillion other body cells.

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Nervous System Facts

• The brain looks like a giant, wrinkled walnut.
• Unlike other body cells, brain cells can not
  regenerate. Once brain cells are damaged they are
  not replaced.
• The brain and spinal cord are surrounded and
  protected by cerebrospinal fluid.

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Immune System Facts

• The skin secretes antibacterial substances. These
  substances explain why you don't wake up in the
  morning with a layer of mold growing on your skin
  - most bacteria and spores that land on the skin
  die quickly.
• Tears and mucus contain an enzyme (lysozyme) that
  breaks down the cell wall of many bacteria.
• Lymph nodes contain filtering tissue and a large
  number of lymph cells. When fighting certain
  bacterial infections, the lymph nodes swell with
  bacteria and the cells fighting the bacteria, to
  the point where you can actually feel them.
  Swollen lymph nodes may therefore be a good
  indication that you have an infection of some
  sort.

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Digestive System Facts

• Adults eat about 500 kg of food per year.
• 1.5 liters of saliva are produced each day.
• The esophagus is approximately 25cm long.
• Muscles contract in waves to move the food down
  the esophagus. This means that food would get to
  a person's stomach, even if they were standing on
  their head.
• An adults stomach can hold approximately 1.5
  liters of material.
• Every day 11.5 liters of digested food, liquids
  and digestive juices flow through the digestive
  system, but only 100 ml of fluid are lost in
  feces.
• We get two sets of teeth. Our 20 'Baby Teeth are
  replaced starting at around 6-7 years of age with
  our 32 Adult Teeth.

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Respiratory System Facts

• At rest, the adult body takes in and breathes out
  about 6 liters of air each minute.
• The right lung is slightly larger than the left.
• Hairs in the nose help to clean the air we
  breathe as well as warming it.
• The highest recorded "sneeze speed" is 165 km per
  hour.
• The surface area of the lungs is roughly the same
  size as a tennis court.
• The capillaries in the lungs would extend 1,600
  kilometers if placed end to end.
• We lose half a liter of water a day through
  breathing. This is the water vapor we see when we
  breathe onto glass.
• A person at rest usually breathes between 12 and
  15 times a minute.
• The breathing rate is faster in children and
  women than in men.