Cardiovascular System

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Cardiovascular System

• Chapter 42
• IB Biology

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Biological Function of Cardiovascular System

• T R A N S P O R T !
• Maintains constant flow of
• Nutrients
• Hormones
• Respiratory Gases
• Wastes
• Enzymes
• to /from tissue cells!

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3 Major Componentsof CV System

1. Blood
2. Blood Vessels
3. Arteries / Arterioles
4. Veins / Venules
5. Capillaries
6. Heart

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Heart Anatomy
250-300 grams--size of fist
Located in mediastinum
Rests on diaphragm
2/3 left of midline
Shifts toward right shoulder
Apex points to left hip
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Protective Features of the Heart

• P E R I C A R D I U M
• Layered membrane surrounding heart
• Fibrous pericardium
• Tough, superficial layer
• Serous pericardium
• Thin, deep layer subdivided into
• Parietal layer lines underside of fibrous
  pericardium
• Epicardium lines external surface of heart
• Pericardial cavity btwn parietal layer and
  epicardium
• filled with fluid!

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Pericarditis

• Inflammation of pericardium
• Pericardial fluid increases pressure on heart
• Cardiac tamponade

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Heart Anatomy

• 3 Layers of Heart Wall
• Epicardium Superficial Layer
• Composed of CT
• 2. Myocardium Intermediate Layer
• Composed of Muscle
• 3. Endocardium Deep Layer
• Composed of Endothelium

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Internal Heart Anatomy

• FOUR CHAMBERS
• 2 ATRIA
• (Right Atrium, Left Atrium)
• Entry Chambers
• 2 VENTRICLES
• (Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle)
• Exit Chambers

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So whats the big deal about a four chambered
heart?

• E F F I C I E N C Y

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What leads to the hearts efficiency?

• A T R I O V E N T R I C U L A R
• S E P T U M
• wall that creates a physical separation between
  right and left sides of heart
• (Interatrial septum Interventricular septum
  Atrioventricular Septum)

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A V SEPTUM
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How does the AV septum lead to efficiency?

• Creates two hearts in one!
• Maintains separation between oxygenated blood
  (high O2 / low CO2 ) and deoxygenated blood (low
  O2 / high CO2 )
• Oxygenated blood always on left side!
• Deoxygenated blood always on right side!

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Mixing of Blood Occurs!
Mixing of Blood Prevented!
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FOUR MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS ATTACHED TO HEART

• VENA CAVA
• major vein of body
• AORTA
• major artery of body
• 3. PULMONARY ARTERY
• 4. PULMONARY VEIN

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Coronary Artery

• Provides blood to the myocardium of the heart!

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Arteries vs. Veins

• ARTERY
• Always conducts blood AWAY from the heart!
• Usually carries oxygenated blood

• VEIN
• Always conducts blood TOWARD the heart!
• Usually carries deoxygenated blood

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Heart Valves

• Flaps that open/close passageways for blood
  through the heart

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2 Major Types of Valves

• Atrioventricular (AV) Valves Found between atria
  and ventricles
• Right AV Valve Tricuspid Valve
• Left AV Valve Bicuspid Valve / Mitral Valve

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Chordae tendinae / papillary muscles

• Open/close AV valves
• Prevent valves from opening backwards

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Valves prevent backflow
incompetent valve heart murmur
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• Semilunar Valves
• found between ventricles and blood vessels
  leading out of the heart
• Right Valve Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
• Left Valve Aortic Semilunar Valve

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Left AV (bicuspid)
Right AV (tricuspid)
Aortic semilunar
Pulmonary semilunar
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Circulatory Pathways

• Systemic Circulation
• blood flows to/from body tissues
• Pulmonary Circulation
• blood flows to/from lungs
• Coronary Circulation
• blood flows to/from heart muscle

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The Hearts Assignment

• maintaining blood flow through ALL circulatory
  pathways of the body!

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Right side receives blood from tissues and
pumps to lungs (pulmonary circulation)
Left side receives blood from lungs and pumps
to tissues (systemic circulation)
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Pathway of Blood Through the Heart

• Heart acts as double pump (Rt side/left side)
• Both pumps act in unison
• Deoxygenated blood returns to heart through vena
  cava
• Right side pumps blood to lungs
• Oxygenated blood returns to heart through
  pulmonary veins
• Left side pumps blood to body

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Blood through the heart
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Capillaries of lungs for oxygenation
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Arteries of body
Capillaries of tissues--exchange gases
Veins of body