Ocean Biomes

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Ocean Biomes
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Oceans Locations

• Oceans 71 of earths surface

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Major Zones

• Intertidal
• Sandy Beaches
• Rocky Shores
• Estuaries
• Coastal Sub-tidal
• Kelp Forests
• Coral Reefs
• Open Ocean
• Divided by depth

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Marine plants

• Phytoplankton, Algae
• Non-vascular plants drift or holdfasts
• Produce 60 of atmospheric O2
• Absorb CO2 slows Global Warming

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Marine Animals

• Absorb O2 through gills or by diffusion
• Most Ectothermic
• 95 invertebrates
• Adaptations to deal with cold, pressure, low
  oxygen, low visibility
• Sound and smell major senses

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Sandy Beach
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Sandy Beach
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Sandy Beaches

• Harsh conditions, highly variable
• wave action
• shifting sands
• Diversity LOW
• High population s
• Adaptations to deal with waves
• Adaptations against drying out

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Sandy Beaches

• Functions
• Provides a habitat
• Acts as a rest spot
• Recreation

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Animals
Yellow-eyed penguin
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Rocky Shores

• Drastic changes in pH, salinity
• Tidepools submerged then dry

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• Moderate Diversity
• Moderate population s
• Many move between zones
• LOTS of scavengers

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Algae

• Shallow Calcareous red algae, Green algae
• Deeper brown, some red
  algae

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Adaptations

• To hold tightly to rocks
• Scuttle out of the way
• Bend" with the waves
• Survive drastic chemical
  physical changes

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Rocky Shores

• Major function is for erosion protection

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Animals
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Estuaries
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EstuariesCaliforniaSanta Monica Bay, San
Francisco, and Morro Bay
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Estuaries

• Found at deltas, edges of bays
• fed by streams rivers, high siltation
• mixture of fresh salt

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Estuaries

• Flat, prone to succession
• Low tidal change, nutrient build-up
• Temperate to cold waters

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Estuaries

• DO2 can be anaerobic in mud can accumulate
  toxins
• Mud, clay, silt
• Composition determines community
• True soil on edges
• Nursery for
• invertebrates and
• fish

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Estuaries

• HIGH Diversity HIGH Population s
• HIGHEST bioproductivity
• Many decomposers

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Estuaries

• Critical bulking up and rest station for
  migratory sea and shorebirds

This is a VERY important Function and is one of
the reasons why estuary conservation is so
important.
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Animals

• Adapted to changes in pH, salinity

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Plants

• Adapted to high salinity
• Rapid growth, high turn-over rate, e.g. eel grass

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Mangroves are woody, specialized types of trees
of the tropics that can live on the edge, where
rainforests meet oceans. Found on sheltered
coastlines and river deltas, they grow in
brackish wetlands between land and sea where
other plants can't grow.
They protect the coastline and prevent erosion by
collecting sediment from the rivers and streams
and slowing down the flow of water. There are
about 39.3 million acres of mangrove forests in
the warm coastlines of tropical oceans all over
the world. More than 10.5 million acres, or 27
of mangrove forests are found in Southeast Asia.
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Mangrove Swamps

• Coastal wetland that occurs only in warm climates
  - Mangroves cannot grow in areas that freeze more
  than 2 days/year
• Mangroves can either be tree or shrub, 800
  species total, 10 live in US
• Trees, shrubs, variety of birds, insects,
  mammalsmangroves are just good habitats
• So have high diversity and high population
  numbers

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Mangroves

• Adaptations
• Low O2 in swamps
• Mangroves have roots that grow up and stick out
  of the water
• Some have roots that grow high on the trunk, look
  like stilts

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Importance

• Essential for flood control, shoreline
  stabilization nursery of the ocean
• 80 world-wide lost to
• agricultural drainage
• marinas
• reclaimed as land for development
• We lose 308,875 acres every year
• How can this be stopped?

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Kelp Forests

• Temperate near-shore waters below 72oF
• Surface to 160 ft
• Good currents upwelling
• Variable by season

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Kelp Forests

• Moderate Diversity
• HIGH Population s
• Many generalists, move between canopy layers and
  substrate schooling
• HIGH productivity
• Provides excellent habitat camouflage

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Kelp

• Green algaeshallow
• Brown algae (kelp) to 150 ft
• Red algae to 600 ft
• Kelp provides vertical orientation
• schooling species on edges

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Garibaldi
Animals of the Kelp Forest
West Coast Sea Nettle Jellyfish
Ocean Sunfish
Brown Cup Coral
Light Bulb Tunicates
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Coral Reefs
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Coral Reefs

• Corals are marine organisms that exist as small
  sea anemone-like polyps, typically in colonies of
  many identical individuals.
• Includes the important reef builders that are
  found in tropical oceans, which secrete calcium
  carbonate to form a hard skeleton.
• A coral "head", commonly perceived to be a single
  organism, is formed from many individual but
  genetically identical polyps, each polyp only a
  few millimeters in diameter.
• Over thousands of generations, the polyps lay
  down a skeleton that is characteristic of their
  species.
• Reproduce through both asexual and sexual
  reproduction

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Coral Reefs

• Found in tropical near-shore waters, surface to
  300 Ft
• Little variability, constant temps above 72o F
• Coral cemented together by algae, provides habitat

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Coral Reefs

• HIGH diversity
• LOW population s
• VERY sensitive to environmental change

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Coral Reefs

• In pairs, schooling species, solitary predators,
  filter feeders
• Specialists
• Toxic, venomous

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Open Ocean

• High variability in surface waters from waves,
  currents
• Temp becomes
• constant in abyss
• PRESSURE increases with depth

A Hawksbill sea turtle and a red octopus
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Zones
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Adaptations

• Species need to hang "in space
• Surface fast-swimming predators
• Abyss slow moving, mushy bodies,
  bioluminescent, huge teeth
• Need to cope with pressure, scarce food and sex
  partners

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Ecology

• LOW diversity
• HIGH population s
• Sporadic schools in surface waters, solitary
  individuals deeper down
• Diversity decreases w/depth - many specialists
• Phytoplankton, Chemotrophs producers

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Human Uses for Oceans

• Transportation
• Tidal Energy
• Minerals
• Fossil Fuels
• Fishing
• Medicine
• Desalinization plants
• Recreation

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Human Impacts on Oceans

• Overharvesting
• Pollution
• Dynamiting Chloroxing reefs

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Human Impacts on Oceans

• Alteration of coastline
• jetties, breakwaters
• Loss of biodiversity