Black Freedom Struggle

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Black Freedom Struggle

• 1950s and 1960s

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1955, Murder of Emmett Till

• Emmet Till

Mose Wright
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1955 Rosa Parks Arrested
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1956 Montgomery bus boycott
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1957 Little Rock Nine
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Lunch counter sit-ins
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Freedom Rides
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1963 Murder of Medgar Evers
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1963 March on Washington
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Selma to Montgomery Marches 1965
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SNCC, Stokely Carmichael

• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
• Among its leaders James Lawson, Ella Baker,
  Stokely Carmichael

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CORE

• Congress of Racial Equality
• Organized Freedom Rides

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Major Civil Rights legislation

• Civil Rights Act of 1964, guaranteed access of
  all Americans to public accommodations, public
  education, employment, and voting

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What did Congress do?

• Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 opening of the
  War on Poverty
• Voting Rights Act, 1965, banned literacy tests
  and ensured access to the voting booth
• National Housing Act of 1968, authorized increase
  in funding for affordable housing
• Civil Rights Act, 1968, banned discrimination in
  housing and jury service

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After passage of Civil Rights Act

• Black protest moved from simply legal equality to
  economic equality. It no longer held nonviolence
  as its basic principle.
• Waves of urban uprisings in the 1960s, Watts in
  LA Newark and Detroit in 1967, and DC in 1968.

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Radicalizing the Civil Rights Movement

• Black protest moved from simply legal equality to
  economic equality.
• It no longer held nonviolence as its basic
  principle.
• Waves of urban uprisings in the 1960s, Watts in
  LA Newark and Detroit in 1967, and DC in 1968.

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Malcolm X

• Initially a member of the Nation of Islam, black
  muslims called for separation from white
  society
• In 1964 he left the Nation of Islam and worked
  with integrationists
• Assassinated by three black muslims in 1965 at a
  Harlem rally.

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Black Panther Party

• Huey Newton and Bobby Seale organized the Black
  Panther Party after an unarmed teen was killed in
  SF in 1966
• Founded in Oakland
• White backlash to Black Panther Party

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Black Panther Party
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Feminism 1960s and 1970s
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During Kennedys New Frontier

• President Kennedy established the Presidents
  Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) in 1961
• First chairwoman Eleanor Roosevelt
• Equal Pay Act 1963

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During Johnsons Great Society

• Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned
  discrimination based on gender in hiring and
  extended affirmative action to women.
• It was not enforced, called a fluke
• Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray founded the
  National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966

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NOW organizing committee, 1966
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Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm

• First Black woman elected to Congress

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Womens Liberation Movement

• Inspired by successes of SNCC
• More radical than NOW
• Cellestine Ware founded New York Radical
  Feminists and called the predominately white
  leadership of womens groups to work for issues
  of minority women.

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Ms.

• Womens magazine founded by Gloria Steinem

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ERA

• Equal Rights Amendment passed Congress in 1972
• Equality of rights under the law shall not be
  denied or abridged by the United States or by any
  State on account of sex.
• It was endorsed by President Nixon
• It was never ratified

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Opponents

• Conservative wing Republican Party
• Spokewoman Phyllis Schlafly
• She believed God predetermined womens roles and
  that the Congress or legal structure should not
  regulate them

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Schlafly