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1
Struggles for Democracy,1945Present
China and governments in Latin America, Africa,
and the former Soviet bloc respond to calls for
democracy.
Man taking a piece of the Berlin Wall as a
souvenir after the fall of communism in East
Germany (December 1989).
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2
Struggles for Democracy,1945Present
SECTION 1
Democracy
SECTION 2
The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
SECTION 3
Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
SECTION 4
China Reform and Reaction
SECTION 5
Map
Chart
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In Latin America, economic problems
andauthoritarian rule delay democracy.
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Democracy
Democracy As a Goal
Difficulties in Establishing Democracy Common
practices include free elections and citizen
participation Also majority rule, minority
rights, constitutional government Difficult
to establish democracyeven in U.S., took many
years These practices need conditions in
country to support them Education and a
stable economy help So do individual rights,
rule by law, sense of national identity
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Dictators and Democracy
Brazils Early History Brazil monarchy in
1822, republic controlled by wealthy in
1889 In 1930s, dictator suppresses opposition
but builds economy
Kubitscheks Ambitious Program Juscelino
Kubitschek builds economy, new capital
cityBrasília His followers back reforms,
but conservatives object to land reform Land
reformbreaking up huge estates into holdings
for peasants Wealthy Brazilians support
takeover by military in 1964
Continued . . .
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continued Dictators and Democracy
Military Dictators Military rules for two
decades, building economy but cutting
wages Standard of livinglevel of material
comfort declines
The Road to Democracy In 1980s, Brazil has
recessioneconomic slowdown Civilian leaders
elected but cannot fix economy
Chart
The 2002 Presidential Election New election in
2002 includes rivals with different economic
views Luis Inácio Lula da Silva wins election
hopes to reclaim economy
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One-Party Rule
Beginnings of One-Party Domination In 1920s and
1930s, leaders build a party that dominates
Mexico Lázaro Cárdenas rules 19341940, next
presidents abandon his reforms
The Party Becomes the PRI In 1946, main party
becomes PRIInstitutional Revolutionary
Party Party controls government fraud,
corruption mar elections In 1968, students
and workers protest, soldiers fire on
crowd Mexico depends on oil and gas income,
suffers when prices fall
Continued . . .
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continued One-Party Rule
Economic and Political Crises Opposition
parties gain support, force reforms in
1988 In 1994, rebels in southern Mexico state
of Chiapas stage uprising 
Image
The PRI Loses Control Other parties gain many
seats in Congress Center-right candidate
Vicente Fox wins presidency in 2000
New Policies and Programs As new president, Fox
has many ambitious goals
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Political and Economic Disorder
Perón Rules Argentina In 1946, Juan Perón
becomes dictator in Argentina ousted in 1955
Image
Repression in Argentina Military rules into
1970s, but country develops many
problems Government moves harshly against
opposition, killing many people
Democracy and the Economy Government disgraced
after losing Falklands war in 1982 Civilians
elected to lead, but cannot solve economic
problems
Continued . . .
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continued Political and Economic Disorder
A Growing Crisis Economic problems continue
with high debt, unemployment
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Section 2
The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
As the recent histories of Nigeria and South
Africa show, ethnic and racial conflicts can
hinder democracy.
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The Challenge of Democracyin Africa
Colonial Rule Limits Democracy
European Policies Cause Problems Borders of
colonies in Africa ignore ethnic, cultural
divisions As a result, national identity is
slow to develop in Africa Colonial rule
produces economic problems Colonial rule also
disrupts family, community life
Short-Lived Democracies Post-independence
governments fragile, vulnerable to military
coups
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Civil War in Nigeria
A Land of Many Peoples Nigeria has people from
three ethnic groups, each with own
state Country adopts federal systemstate,
central governments share power
War with Biafra In 1960s, country torn by
ethnic fighting Military imposes martial
lawtemporary military rulein 1966 In 1967,
eastern region leaves Nigeria, forms new
country of Biafra War ends in 1970 with
Biafra defeated, Nigeria reunited
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Nigerias Nation-Building
Federal Government Restored In 1970s and 1980s
military tries to create stable federal system
A Return to Civilian Rule General Sani Abacha
overturns election results of 1993, takes
power He punishes dissidentsgovernment
opponents In 1999, civilian government finally
gains power
President Obasanjo Obasanjo tries to build
strong, unified Nigeria by ending
corruption Promotes idea of forgiveness of
Nigerias debt to rebuild country
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South Africa Under Apartheid
Minority Rule South Africa gains independence
in 1931 white minority rules
Apartheid Segregates Society In 1948, National
Party enacts apartheid separation of
races Government sets up reserves, called
homelands, for blacks in 1959
Blacks Protest In 1912, blacks form African
National Congress (ANC) to protest Nelson
MandelaANC leader imprisoned for 27
years Protests rise in 1970s and 1980s,
sometimes resulting in violence
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Struggle for Democracy
Pressure for Change Religious leader Desmond
Tutu urges economic pressure on government He
asks other countries not to trade with South
Africa
The First Steps In 1990, F. W. de Klerk
legalizes ANC, frees Mandela from
prison Parliament repeals apartheid laws,
grants rights to blacks De Klerk agrees to
elections open to all races to be held in 1994
Image
Continued . . .
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continued Struggle for Democracy
Majority Rule In 1994, ANC wins majority of
Parliament Mandela elected president
A New Constitution In 1996, new constitution
adopted giving equal rights to all
South Africa Today In 1999, Thabo Mbeki elected
president He faces challenges high crime,
unemployment, rampant poverty He hopes to
increase trade with other countries Major
problem facing South Africa is high number of
people with AIDS
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Democratic reforms bring important changes to the
Soviet Union.
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The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy
Problems Develop Politburoruling committee of
Communist Party rules USSR harshly Leonid
Brezhnev dies in 1982 two successors rule
briefly
A Younger Leader Mikhail Gorbachevbecomes
Soviet leader in 1984 Young, energetic,
skilled, wants to pursue new policies
Image
Glasnost Promotes Openness To achieve economic
reforms, he needs open dialogue in
society Promotes new policy of
glasnostopenness dissent allowed
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Reforming the Economy and Politics
Economic Restructuring People complain about
lack of goods Gorbachev blames old system In
1985, he introduces perestroikapolicy of
economic restructuring Hopes to make economy
more efficient, productive
Democratization Opens the Political System In
1987, he unveils plans to have more
democracy Voters, given a choice, elect many
reformers to new legislature
Foreign Policy Gorbachev signs arms control
agreements with U.S.
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The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil
Ethnic Revolts Gorbachev wants to reform Soviet
Union, but reforms lead to collapse Non-Russia
n ethnic groups rebel in different republics
Lithuania Defies Gorbachev In 1990, Lithuania
declares independence Gorbachev, fearing
similar actions in other republics, sends troops
Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev Reformer Boris
Yeltsin rallies people against Communist old
guard Old-time Communists oppose both Gorbachev
and Yeltsin
Continued . . .
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22
continued The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil
The August Coup In August 1991, hardliners try
to seize control of government
again Thousands of protesters and Yeltsin rally
against this move Army refuses to attack
protesters and coup collapses
Image
End of the Soviet Union Government takes
actions to punish Communist Party for the
coup Many republics declare independence
Gorbachev cannot stop them Republics form a
federation, CISCommonwealth of Independent
States
Map
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Russia Under Boris Yeltsin
Yeltsin Faces Problems Yeltsin aims to reform
the Russian economy Tries shock
therapyquick transition to free market
system New policies bring economic chaos and
hardship, political troubles
Chechnya Rebels In 1991, Chechnya declares
independence from Russia Yeltsin attempts to
crush rebellion, causing unrest at home As
conflict continues in 1999, he resigns in favor
of Vladimir Putin
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Russia Under Vladimir Putin
Troubles Continue in Chechnya Fighting drags on
in Chechnya In 2002, Chechen rebels seize
theater in Moscow, many die
Economic, Political, and Social
Problems Economic problems continue, leading to
unstable politics Social problems include
homelessness, unemployment Declines in
population, standard of living, average life
expectancy
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Changes in the Soviet Union lead to changes
throughout Central and Eastern Europe.
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Changes in Central andEastern Europe  
Poland and Hungary Reform
The Rise of Solidarity Workers strike to win
recognition of Solidarity Polish labor
union Lech Walesaleader of unionbecomes
national hero
Solidarity Defeats Communists Communist
government bans Solidarity but cannot solve
economic woes In 1988, workers rebel to force
recognition of Solidarity Elections in 1989
and 1990 make Walesa president of Poland
Continued . . .
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continued Poland and Hungary Reform
Poland Votes Out Walesa Walesa tries to build
free market economy quickly Though some
progress made, many Poles unhappy Walesa voted
out
Poland Under Kwasniewski Alexander Kwasniewski
elected president in 1995 Brings Poland into
NATO, tries to build strong market economy
Hungarian Communists Disband In 1990, voters
elect non-Communist government in
Hungary Democracy thrives Hungary joins NATO
in 1999
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Germany Reunifies
Resistance to Change East Germanys leader
resists reforms as in Poland,
Hungary Thousands of East Germans escape
through Hungary to Austria
Fall of the Berlin Wall East Germany closes its
borders, sparking massive protests In late
1989, new East German leader opens Berlin
Wall By end of year, Communist government
there has collapsed
Image
Continued . . .
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continued Germany Reunifies
Reunification Reunificationmerging of the two
Germanys achieved in 1990
Germanys Challenges East Germany in poor
shape, needs rebuilding This costly effort
forces German leader Helmut Kohl to raise taxes
A New Chancellor In 1998, Kohl voted out of
office New leaderGerhard Schroederhas
difficulty reviving economy Germany becomes
more active in world affairs after reunifying
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Democracy Spreads in Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia Reforms In 1989, large crowd in
Prague protests, demands democracy Tough
government crackdown sparks more protests By
late 1989, Communists are gone Václav Havel
elected president
Czechoslovakia Breaks Up Economic reforms hurt
people in Slovakia, eastern part of
country In 1993, Czechoslovakia splits into two
separate countries Both economies growslow
in Czech Republic faster in Slovakia
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Overthrow in Romania
A Popular Uprising In late 1989, Romanias
leader has army shoot protestors This action
prompts major revolt and collapse of Communist
rule Dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and wife
executed Christmas Day, 1989
The Romanian Economy Corruption and crime
prevalent through 1990s economy lags Much
of economy still owned by government, not in
private hands But Government begins moving
toward market economy
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The Breakup of Yugoslavia
Ethnic Problems Yugoslavia has 8 ethnic groups
in a federation of 6 republics
Map
A Bloody Breakup Milosevic, Serbian leader,
tries to impose control on whole
country Slovenia and Croatia fight off Serbian
army, win independence In 1992,
Bosnia-Herzegovina declares independence war
breaks out Serb forces practice ethnic
cleansinggetting rid of Bosnian Muslims In
1995, U.S., UN establish peace setting up
multiethnic government
Image
Continued . . .
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continued The Breakup of Yugoslavia
Rebellion in Kosovo In 1998, fighting starts in
Kosovo, Serb province of ethnic Albanians
Serbian army invades to put down Albanian
rebels with harsh force In 1999, NATO bombs
Serbia, forces Serbs to withdraw
The Region Faces Its Problems Serbia has new
leader Milosevic faces war crimes
trials Montenegro and Serbia form loose
union, may separate in future
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In response to contact with the West, Chinas
government has experimented with capitalism but
has rejected calls for democracy.
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35
China Reform and Reaction

The Legacy of Mao
Problems of Maos Rule Mao Zedong wants to
improve Chinas economy, but cannot Maos
policies, a lack of modern technology prevent
economic growth He launches Cultural
Revolution in 1960s to revive Communist
spirit Its excesses turn many people against
communism Zhou Enlaileader in early
1970spursues moderate policies
Chart
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China and the West
China Opened Its Doors Zhou worries that China
is too isolated from rest of world In 1971,
U.S. and China begin closer relations
Economic Reform In 1976, Mao and Zhou die
moderates take control of Communist
Party Deng Xiaopingbecomes leader of China by
1980 Four ModernizationsDengs plan for
economic progress This policy reverses strict
Communist policies long backed by Mao
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Massacre in Tiananmen Square
Unforeseen Problems Reforms lead to some unrest
over privileges of Communist leaders Western
political ideas enter China, encouraging
democracy
Students Demand Democracy In 1989, students
protest in Tiananmen Square public area in
Beijing
Image
Deng Orders a Crackdown Deng orders army to
surround square, attack protesters Attack
leaves hundreds dead, thousands
wounded Government begins large-scale campaign
to end dissent
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China Enters the New Millennium
China Under Jiang In 1997, Deng dies Jiang
Zemin takes power Hardliners want Jiang to move
away from Dengs reforms In 2002, Jiang steps
down in favor of Zhu Rongji Both Jiang and Zhu
favor continued reforms
Transfer of Hong Kong Hong Kongformer British
colony, city in China, major economic
power In 1997, Britain hands Hong Kong back to
China
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China Beyond 2000
Economics and Politics Economic reforms reduce
poverty in China Though many countries have
economic problems, Chinas economy grows Many
in China want political reforms China is
becoming more involved with other countries
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40
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