The Civil War

1
The Civil War

• 1861 - 1865

2
Relative Strengths

• Northern Advantages
• More better economy
• 70 wealth
• Conf. worth less than
• 2 cents by 1865
• RR 75 (20,000 mls. vs.
• 9,000)
• Industry 90
• Organized navy, army, govt
• Population 22 mil. vs. 9 mil (3.5 mil slaves)
• Farmland 65 More mineral deposits
• of States 23 vs. 11
• Disadvantage? Poor commanders

3
The Anaconda Plan
Anaconda Plan W. Scott, Blockade Southern
coast -Control MS River split South in ½ by
marching to coast after Atlanta Capture Richmond
(capital) Union blockade ineffective for first
1 ½ years South got supplies from EUR although
BR afraid of losing N. grain shipments -40 of
men were 21 younger
4
Relative Strengths of the South

• Southern Advantages (War of Attrition)
• Area familiar soil
• Moral Reasons defend homes families
  independence
• Qualified Officers strong military tradition,
  better officers
• Strategy Defensive fighting
• -Doesnt take as many men to fight a defensive
  war
• No fighting in the winter (Apr-Oct)
• Quick victories
• Wait for North to tire
• One offensive push into MD PA to split the
  Union
• Better Soldiers
• Disadvantages? Weak economy, poor transportation
  systems states rights (!)

5
Campaign for European Intervention

• European powers thought an American Civil War
  would weaken the U.S.s power in the Western
  Hemisphere
• Foreign Aid diplomacy is key for both sides
• Cotton is King BR more dependent on Northern
  wheat
• Egyptian cotton readily obtained
• Trent Affair Mason Slidell (off coast of
  Cuba)
• Capt. Wilkes removes Southern diplomats from ship
• Almost provokes Union-BR war
• Charles Francis Adams
• the Alabama (Claims) Captured over 60 Union
  vessels until defeated off the coast of Cherbourg
• Effective against Union shipping
• Promotes goodwill w/GB
• reparations from GB
• Violated internatl law Neutrality
• Met in Geneva, Switzerland
• U.S. was paid 15.5 mil
• Laird Rams

6
Home Front

• Lincolns Arbitrary Power
• writ of habeas corpus Used in MD
• Suspected secessionists jailed w/o charges or
  trials
• Conscription (draft) N relies mainly on
  volunteers but does eventually have a draft
• bounty jumpers
• hiring a substitute - 300
• South exempts 1 overseer for every 20 slaves
• anti-draft riots (July, 1863) NY Worried about
  free blacks taking their jobs (117 killed)
• Morrill Tariff Act (1861) Increased tariffs
• 1st income tax

7
Home Front

• National Banking System Uniform currency
• First step toward a unified banking system since
  1836
• Civil War actually made the N. economy stronger
  more prosperous!
• (only foreign shipping really suffered)
• shoddy millionaires
• 13th Amendment (1865) Ended slavery
• 2/3 Cong. Majority
• Freed 3 mil. slaves
• bread riot Richmond (shortage of food
  consumer goods)
• Confiscation Acts Take property of those
  who supported the rebellion
• contraband - Slaves

Lincoln and his Cabinet
8
Miscellaneous

• Napoleon III Violates Monroe Doctrine in MX by
  trying to install Emp. Maximilian
• U.S. threatens to send soldiers to force FR to
  leave
• Emancipation Proclamation Effective Jan. 1,
  1863, Freed slaves in rebelling states only
• Issued after victory at Antietam
• Blacks can now enlist in Union army
• Strengthens moral cause N. diplomacy (appeals
  to Eur. working-class) but doesnt please
  everyone
• Some opposed to abolition war
• Causes increase in Union deserters
• Abolitionists felt it didnt do enough
• 13th Amendment abolishes slavery completely in
  U.S.
• Clement Vallandigham Copperhead
• Banished to Confederacy
• Ran for gov. of Ohio while living in Canada

9
Miscellaneous

• Arlington National Cemetery
• Jefferson Davis Held in Ft. Monroe for 2 yrs.
  (70 soldiers on duty to watch)
• Firsts Repeating rifles
• Draft
• Electrically exploded bombs
• Ironclad ships (Merrimack threatens Union
  blockade)
• Ironclads make wooden navies obsolete
• Taps
• Army ambulance corps

10
Battles, Leaders Others

• North named battles for water South for towns
• Sally Tompkins Ran Richmond infirmary awarded
  rank of Capt. by J. Davis
• Clara Barton- Angel of the Battlefield
• Thaddeus Lowe- Balloonist
• Air surveillance
• Most shot at man in the war
• Bull Run Manassas Junction
• Lincoln hoped for a victory
• capture of Richmond
• Union forces routed
• S. victory actually decreased enlistments
• Union loss brought about reality of a
• long, difficult war
• Stonewall Jackson
• Picnickers

Prof. Lowe ascending in the Intrepid to observe
the Battle of Fair Oaks
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Battles, Leaders Others
New Union strategy naval blockade, undermining
CSA economy, take control of MS river capture
Richmond
Lincoln with Allan Pinkerton (left)

• Stonewall Jackson died at Chancellorsville
• left arm amputated then pneumonia
• Lee Jackson has lost his left arm I have
  lost my right.
• Matthew Brady Photographer
• Pinkertons Detective agency
• Robert E. Lee

12
Battles, Leaders Others

• Monitor v. Merrimac VA, 4 hrs.
• Antietam Bloodiest day
• Sharpsburg
• Sept. 1862
• 12 hrs. ? 24,000 died
• Plans found around cigar
• McClellan stops S. advance but does not pursue
  is fired for always being too cautious (always
  thinks he is outnumbered!)
• Likely halted BR and FR intervention on behalf of
  CSA
• 54th Massachusetts Black unit, 16 get Medal of
  Honor
• 50 casualties
• After war many go west Indians call them
  buffalo soldiers
• Blacks accounted for 10 of Union army
• Ft. Pillow Those who surrendered were massacred
• African Americans who served in the C.W. fought
  bravely but suffered heavy casualties
• Burnsides Pontoon bridges, Lost at
  Fredericksburg
• Hooker Badly beaten at Chancellorsville

13
Battles, Leaders Others
14
Battles, Leaders Others

• Gettysburg Meade defeats Lee in 1863
• Lee invades to try to strengthen the N. peace
  movement w/ a big victory on Union soil
• Turning pt. now S. cause is doomed
• Lees 17 ml. ambulance train
• Jenny Wade
• Needed 40,000 pair of shoes
• 2 of pop. died in this conflict today that
  would be 5 ½ mil (2002)
• Atlanta capture of the city helped Lincoln get
  re-elected (1864)
• Grant At Cold Harbor Union soldiers
• pinned papers on themselves with their names
  addresses
• 7000 died in a few hours
• After Lincolns assassination, the North wanted
  to change the surrender terms Grant threatened
  to resign unless the terms were honored (this was
  w/Lee)

15
Gettysburg
 The only known photo of Abraham Lincoln at
Gettysburg (seated, center), taken about noon,
just after Lincoln arrived and some three hours
before he spoke.
16
Battles, Leaders Others

• Farragut Damn the torpedoes, full speed
  ahead!
• Vicksburg Gives control of MS River to
• North
• Reopens MS River to N. trade
• Combined w/ victory at Gettysburg, increases
• morale for N (also dooms European help for S)
• Quieted N. peace agitators
• Cut off supply of cattle goods from TX LA
• 7 wk. siege
• Sherman Command to march thru make Georgia
  howl
• Total war destroys rr tracks, burns fields,
  destroys everything useful (food crops, etc.)
• The crueler it is, the sooner it will be over.
• S. enlists slaves in army one month before wars
  end
• Appomattox Grant Lee
• Grant Stop firing, they are our countrymen
  again.

17
Vicksburg
18
Appomattox Court House
19
Lincolns Assassination
20
Remembering Lincoln
Now he belongs to the ages
21
Terms

• riffraff
• siege
• Copperheads