How Animals work

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How Animals work

• Theme is Biology Form and function
• What a structure can do is influenced by its
  form
• The form of a structure is uniquely suited to
  what that structure does
• Both the form and function evolve together
• Areas of Biological study
• Anatomy the structures of an organism (form)
• Physiology how the structures work (function)

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We are a tube within a tube

• We are a thick walled tube
• Running through the center of the tube is a
  digestive system, another tube.

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ebPage/Syllabus/Topics/Week207/Resources/coelom.G
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http//www.mscd.edu/biology/231course/cavity.jpg
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Which way is which?
http//anthro.palomar.edu/animal/images/dorsal.gif
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Tissues

• A tissue is a group of similar cells that usually
  have a similar embryological origin and are
  specialized for a particular function.
• Tissue cells are often separated by non-living,
  intercellular materials that cells produce. This
  substance is called the matrix.
• Histology the study of tissues

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Four Principal Types of Tissues

• Epithelial covering and lining and glands
• Connective protects and supports, binds organs
  together, stores energy, and provides immunity
• Muscle movement
• Nervous transmits impulses that coordinate body
  activities

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Feature of Epithelial Tissue

• Closely packed cells with little extracellular
  material
• Epithelial cells are arranged in continuous
  sheets, in single or multiple layers
• Epithelial cells have two surfaces
• One side is up against other tissues
• The other side faces an open space

http//www.cnas.missouristate.edu/labimages/biolog
y/bio122/images/Week20820Images/trachea.jpg
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Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue is the most abundant and
  widely distributed tissue in the body .
• The functions of connective tissue
• Binding, attachment and support (bones, tendons
  and ligaments, organs)
• Protection- bones and adipose tissue
• Insulation - adipose tissue
• Storage - of energy and fat soluble substances
• Transportation - blood

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Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Smooth Cardiac voluntary
involuntary involuntary cells are long short,
spindle-shaped branched many nuclei single
nucleus single nucleus striated nonstriated st
riated intercalated disks
Diagram of skeletal muscle
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Nervous tissue Sends signals to other parts of
body neurons Dendrites - (one or many)
receive incoming signals Cell body Axon -
(one) transmits outgoing signals neuroglia
protective and supporting cells
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Axon
dendrites
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• Organs are two or more tissues which together
  perform a specialized function.
• Epithelial membranes are thin structures that
  usually contain both epithelial and connective
  tissue.

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• Integumentary system is the skin and the organs
  derived from it (hair, glands, nails)
• One of the largest organs
• 2 square meters 10-11 lbs.
• Largest sense organ in the body
• The study of the skin is Dermatology

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Three types of epithelial membranes

• Serous Membranes
• Line cavities and cover organs
• Mucous membranes
• Line cavities that open to the exterior
• Layer of epithelium over connective tissue
• Cutaneous membrane is the skin
• the major organ of the integumentary system

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Functions

• 1. Regulation of body temperature
• Cellular metabolism produces heat as a waste
  product .
• High temperature
• Dilate surface blood vessels
• Sweating
• Low temperature
• Surface vessels constrict
• shivering

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• 2. Protection
• physical abrasion
• dehydration
• ultraviolet radiation
• 3. Sensation
• touch
• vibration
• pain
• temperature

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• 4. Excretion
• Sweat, rid excess salt for example
• 5. Immunity/ Resistance
• Keeps microbes out, fights infections
• 6. Blood Reservoir
• 8-10 of blood in a resting adult
• 7. Synthesis of vitamin D
• Produced by exposure to UV light
• aids absorption of calcium

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Anatomy

• Epidermis Skin
• Dermis
• Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis

See next two slides
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The Skeletal System

• comprised mostly of connective tissue
• In the case of most vertebrates, a skeletal
  system is comprised of bone
• Various bone types

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Functions of Bone

• Support
• For soft tissues
• For attachment of skeletal muscles
• Protection
• Movement
• Storage minerals, fat
• Blood cell production hematopoiesis
• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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Matrix

• As a connective tissue, bone is living cells
  embedded in a matrix consisting of
• Secreted substances (proteins)
• Proteoglycans and glycoproteins
• Collagen reinforces, gives tensile strength
• Mineral salts
• Tricalcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) and calcium
  carbonate
• Calcium is thus needed for bone.
• Bone is an active, living material!

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Remodeling

• Bone is continually being broken down and
  reformed
• 3-5 of bone calcium exchanged each year
• In response to stress on bones
• Balance between actions of osteoclasts and
  osteoblasts
• Osteo means bone
• Osteoblasts MAKE bone, osteoclasts dismantle it.
• Vitamins needed for maintenance, esp. D

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3 related organ systems

• Two important things that animals do feed and
  breed
• Well skip breed, but explore 3 organ systems
  by looking at feed
• Part of survival of the fittest is being able
  to procure nutrients to survive and live long
  enough to breed.
• Digestive system processes nutrients
• Respiratory exchanges nutrients and wastes
• Cardiovascular system transports these

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Needed to function (but not discussed)

• Urinary system without kidneys to filter waste
  products from the blood for excretion, wed be in
  trouble.
• Muscles movement required for animals.
• Nervous system and endocrine system
• nerve cells allow communication by
  electrochemical signals
• Coordinated with chemical signal hormones

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Digestive system

• Food is needed
• Organic materials to break down for energy
• Organic molecules as building blocks for cellular
  material
• Specific organic molecules (amino acids,
  vitamins) we are unable to make ourselves
• Certain minerals needed to assist enzymes
• How much?
• We need enough energy (measured in calories) to
  power our activities.
• Over and under nutrition can occur.

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A digestive system needed

• A large organism has a system for extracting
  nutrients from food for distributing to the rest
  of the body.
• Food must be physically broken down
• Food must be chemically broken down
• Nutrients must be absorbed
• Excess water used in digestion must be recovered
• Waste must be excreted

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Parts of a digestive system

• Mouth
• Teeth for breaking up food
• Saliva for wetting, breakdown of starch
• Esophagus muscular tube for transferring food to
  the stomach
• Stomach
• Physical digestion muscular stomach churns
• Chemical low pH (high stomach acid) dissolves
  food enzymes also breakdown food

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• Food passes into small intestine
• Bile salts and enzymes from liver (via
  gallbladder) act as detergents, break up fats.
• Pancreas neutralizes stomach acid, adds enzymes
  that break down food more.
• Small intestine site of nutrient absorption
• Possesses a high surface area
• Cells are arranged in villi
• Each cell is covered with microvilli
• Each villus contains lots of blood capillaries
  for transporting nutrients away

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Form and function in the small intestine
villi
High surface area for lots of absorption.
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ages/V/villi.gifhttp//distance.stcc.edu/AandP/AP
/imagesAP2/digestion/microvilli.jpg
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The end of the line

• Large intestine colon
• Most of the water is absorbed here
• In an irritated colon, material is moved through
  quickly before all the water is absorbed
  diarrhea
• Home to billions of bacteria
• Most are anaerobic
• Responsible for bad odors, production of gas from
  fermentation
• Feces are mostly bacterial bodies undigested
  food a smaller proportion

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Respiratory system

• During metabolism, cells burn organic
  molecules.
• E.g. glucose ultimately gets converted to CO2,
  energy is released.
• Process needs oxygen, releases CO2
• Respiratory system must efficiently get O2 into
  the body
• Yet protect from microbes, dirt and dust, drying
  out, etc.

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Respiratory anatomy

• Nose, sinuses
• Trachea windpipe, tube that leads from oral
  cavity (mouth) to lungs
• Bronchi the trachea branches
• Bronchioles the bronchi branch into smaller
  tubes that lead to the lobes of the lung
• Alveoli air sacs small compartments in which
  gasses are transferred between air and bloodstream

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Lungs
http//www.aduk.org.uk/gfx/lungs.jpg
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Respiratory protections

• Ciliated epithelium
• Surfaces lined with cells that secrete mucus,
  push mucus along with cilia
• Mucus with entrapped bacteria, dust, pushed
  towards mouth for coughing out or swallowing
• Swallowing leads to stomach, acid
• Things that kill epithelium interfere with these
  protections
• Influenza virus
• smoking

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Single ciliated cell
Cilia
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mages/RespiratoryEpitheliumCiliatedEpithelialCell.
png
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Where does Oxygen go?
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ges/quiz_dd_pulmonary_circulation.jpg
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Cardiovascular terms to know

• Cardio means heart vascular means tubes
• From big to small
• Arteries, arterioles, capillaries
• Take blood AWAY from the heart
• Veins, venules, capillaries
• Bring blood TO the heart
• Capillaries are where exchange of materials
  between blood stream and cells occurs.

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Status of blood

• Pulmonary circulation
• Blood traveling AWAY from heart to lungs has
  little O2 content (in blue) pulmonary artery
• Blood traveling from lungs TO heart has lots of
  O2 (in red) pulmonary vein.

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The rest of the circulation

• Heart has 4 chambers in a mammal
• 2 atria and 2 ventricles
• Pulmonary and systemic circulation
• Blood returns from body into right atrium
• Flows into right ventricle, pumped to lungs
• Returns from lungs to left atrium
• Flows into left ventricle, pumped to the rest of
  the body
• Main artery leading to rest of body aorta

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Heart structure
Ao aortaLA left atriumLV left
ventriclePA pulmonary arteryRA right
atriumRV right ventricle Match up with
description on previous slide.
http//www.rch.org.au/cardiology/media2/Fontan_pic
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