Fin de Si

1
Fin de Siècle Leading to Warend of the
centuryand the Balkan Powder Keg
This background cartoon shows imperialism every
country wants a cut of land during the Fin de
Siècle
Legend Bold means important term/ fact
interesting tidbit

• Kevin Lu
• Period 5

2
Background

• Alliance between Great Powers weaken
• Due to political and economic rivalries (fall of
  Ottoman Empire, Crimean War, Austro-Prussian War,
  Franco-Prussian War) ? destroy Concert of Europe
  (the balance of powers in Europe settled at the
  Congress of Vienna after 1803 1815 Napoleonic
  Wars)
• Hence, breakdown of balance of powers and
  diplomacy

http//www.worldology.com/Europe/pre_world_war.htm
3
Background continued.

• Growing sense of distrust
• ? armaments
• territory disputes
• nationalism (independence, patriotism, preserve
  culture and religion)
• each country wants to prove dominance by gaining
  land/ asserting spheres of influence
• Culminates in formation of defensive system of
  alliances

Now, lets see the situation for the important
European players before WWI
4
Germany
Current state industrialized, united, careful to
not upset other countries under Otto von
Bismarck, but 1890, Kaiser Wilheim II take over
with aggressive global ambition
Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary Italy

• Prelude
• before 1871 loose confederation of
  independently-ruled territories Prussia is
  largest (Background)
• Chief minister Bismarck unites Germany
• Acquires territory of Schleswig-Holstein (in
  Austro-Prussian War 1866) and Alsace-Lorraine (in
  Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871)
• Asserts pressure on Austria by excluding Austria
  from Zollverein
• Prewar
• Germany unified, major European power
• Goal after unification security
• Congress of Berlin (1878) led by Bismarck,
  stabilize Balkans, restrain Russia, Ottoman
  Empire weakened -gt key diplomacy (Chambers 822)
• Form web of alliances for security, isolate
  France through Triple Alliance (1882) with
  Austria-Hungary and Italy
• Reinsurance Treaty (1887) with Russia under
  terms
• Russian remains neutral if war between Germany
  and France, Germany remains neutral if war
  between Russia and Austria-Hungary (Chambers 823)

5
Germany continued.
Difference between Imperialism vs.
Colonialism Colonialism practice, like building
houses on newly gained land Imperialism idea
Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary Italy

• Alienate British when congratulate leaders of
  Boer Wars (1896) (Chambers 824) ?early sign that
  they will not ally
• Bottom Line
• new belligerent German Kaiser, Wilheim II
  dismisses Bismarck in 1890 ? things go downhill
• replace Bismarcks conservative foreign policy
  (realpolitik) with weltpolitik (world policy)
  (Weltpolitik)
• imperialism ? want territory, hostile demand of
  French Congo in exchange for agreeing to Frances
  annexation of Morocco (Chambers 825)
• refuses to renew treaty with Russia
• competes against Great Britain in naval arms race
  (begin to build ships after Germany Navy Law
  1900)
• Largest land army because it is bordered by
  France and Russia
• aggressive foreign policy alienates all countries
  except for Austria-Hungary

• Origins of German nationalist catchphrase A
  Place in the Sun in defending colonialism
• The days when Germans granted one neighbor the
  earth, the other the sea, and reserved for
  themselves the sky, where pure doctrine reigns.
  those days are over. we do not want to put
  anyone in our shadow, but we also demand our
  place in the sun.
• Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow 1897 (Gehrz)
• Kaiser Wilheim II used the phrase his 1901
  speech about becoming the naval stronghold in
  Europe
• In spite of the fact that we have no such fleet
  as we should have, we have conquered for
  ourselves a place in the sun. It will now be my
  task to see to it that this place in the sun
  shall remain our undisputed possession, in order
  that the sun's rays may fall fruitfully upon our
  activity and trade in foreign parts, that our
  industry and agriculture may develop within the
  state and our sailing sports upon the water, for
  our future lies upon the water. The more Germans
  go out upon the waters, whether it be in races or
  regattas, whether it be in journeys across the
  ocean, or in the service of the battle flag, so
  much the better it will be for us. (Modern)

British postcard depicting what would happen if
Germany took the place in the sun
http//mrshellshear.wikispaces.com/WorldWarOne
6
France
 Current state weak democracy, aims to avenge
loss of Alsace-Lorraine
Triple Entente France Russia Great Britain
Grand Guignol Paris theater of horror
entertainment, fascination with morbidity,
reflect the urbanized, revolutionary spirit
(lasting impact of the French Revolution). Life
is no longer centered around religion.

• Prelude
• rebuilding after losses of Napoleonic Wars and
  Franco-Prussian War
• colonizing Africa
• thinks of Germany as a threat
• Prewar
• France forms alliance with Russia in 1894, after
  new German leaders break Reinsurance Treaty
  (Chambers 824)
• First Moroccan Crisis 1905
• Background French army moves in 1903, other
  countries agree
• 1905 Kaiser Wilheim angry with alliance ? wants
  to break up, humiliate France ? national
  conference at Algerciras
• Result countries support France who retains
  interest in Morocco (Chambers 825)
• Importance solidify alliances (France and Great
  Britain) and enemies (disaster for Germany, only
  support from Austria-Hungary)

Build Eiffel Tower (1889)
http//www.asso-trinity.org/Trinity-Arts.php?affic
heLe20Grand20Guignol2020acte20un,20histoir
e20et20rE9pertoire http//www.spartacus.schooln
et.co.uk/ARTwaltz.htm
7
France continued.
Translation Lorraine and Alsace is ours! By
popular artist Jean Jacques Waltz

• Second Moroccan Crisis 1911
• Background France intends to annex Morocco
• French troops in Morocco, Germany incited that
  France broke the treaty that ended First Moroccan
  Crisis
• sent gunboat Panther to port Agadir to test the
  bond between Great Britain and France (Chambers
  825)
• Want French Congo in exchange for accepting
  France's control over Morocco (Chambers 825)
• Result Great Britain come to France's aid, some
  land is given to Germany
• Importance further solidifies Great Britain and
  France's alliance, and Europe's distrust of
  Germany (Chambers 825) Learn more
• Bottom Line
• Wants to regain lost land of Alsace-Lorraine from
  Germany
• Bound to Russia by treaty

8
Russia
Current state tsar Nicholas II weak leader,
influenced by mad monk Rasputin, lose war to
Japan 1904
Triple Entente France Russia Great Britain

• Prelude
• Depleted by Crimean War ? isolation, had to
  regroup and impose influence
• Global ambition wants warm water port (Russian)
  ? wants to gain Balkan lands - imperialism
• vast, but divided
• Mostly peasants, slow industrialization
• Prewar
• - Humiliated by loss of Russo-Japanese War in
  1905
• Internal revolution 1905 (caused by terrible work
  conditions, 11 hour work days, little wages)
  Bloody Sunday (Tsar) Read more
• Largest army force in number, but lack of
  equipment, backwards
• Bottom Line
• - Protector of Slavs (Chambers 827)
• - Intact treaty with the Serbs, cant let
  Austria-Hungary control Balkan

Japan sink Russian fleet
Russian postcard in 1914 depict nailing German
eagle to post ? shows hate
http//www.johndclare.net/causes_WWI2.htm http//w
ww.indiana.edu/jia1915/war/weather27.html
9
Great Britain
Current state democracy that lived in splendid
isolation
Triple Entente France Russia Great Britain

• Reasons for Splendid Isolation
• Keep balance of power (as long as no
  superpower, its okay to stay out
• Focus on protect its overseas territory with its
  large, powerful navy

• Prelude
• Aligned with France in Crimean War, want to
  prevent Russia from expanding it influence over
  strategic location of Ottoman Empire (ironic
  join Russia in alliance later)
• prosperous middle class ? unrestrained, seek to
  live life to the fullest
• period of decadence and degeneration after the
  Industrial Revolution (Livesey)
• Splendid Isolation foreign policy of
  neutrality
• Prewar
• Naval arms race with Germany build powerful
  Dreadnought battleship in 1906 (Chambers 825)
• Revolutionize naval warfare
• Tied to nationalism and imperialism
• Fastest of its time (steam turbines) and first
  warship with big guns
• Winner of race!

12-inch guns on British Dreadnought, motto of
public We want eight, we wont wait! (Wilde)
Invasion Literature Bram Stokers Dracula (1897)
and H. G. Wells The War of the Worlds (1898)
example of peoples fear of foreign invasion
Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr.
Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) reflect fears of
moral degeneration
http//rashmanly.com/2012/10/16/dracula-to-feed-on
-television/ http//www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_
12-45_mk10_pics.htm http//pausaiz2.blogs.uv.es/po
litical-discourse-paper-1/introduction-to-the-war-
of-the-worlds-science-fiction-and-historic-facts
10
Great Britain continued.
Joining the War Efforts - All countries enforce
conscription draft young men to serve in army
(Encarta), except for Great Britain which only
had volunteers for the army. Reason believe
its superior navy can protect the island shores

• Bottom Line
• Ends isolation when it feels threat of Germany
  and its navy, other countries colonizing ? future
  trade conflict, France and Russia allying
• 1904 Entente Cordiale with France (over concern
  of Germanys global aim) which gains Morocco, and
  Britain rules Egypt (Chambers 824-825)
• 1907 Triple Entente with France and Russia
• When entering war, its dominions including South
  Africa, India, Canada, Australia offer help

England has many dominions as seen in this cartoon
http//www.personal.psu.edu/kmm6044/blogs/big_macs
_first_blog/2011/04/april-8th-britain-and-france-s
ign-entente-cordiale.html http//mrshellshear.wiki
spaces.com/WorldWarOne
11
Austria-Hungary
Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary Italy
Father of Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud
(1856 - 1939) begins his early work, realm of
unconscious mind

• Prelude
• weak after loss to Prussia (Austro-Prussian
• War 1866)
• multinational empireeach group wants
  independence
• Prewar
• 1908 Austria annexes Bosnia, anger Serbia and
  Russia
• Form alliance with Germany because of fear of
  Russia
• Bottom Line
• fear Serbia will control land, invade unprepared,
  worst scenario Russia comes to Serbia's aid

Italy
Italy signed a treaty saying it only joined the
war efforts in defense, but Italy deemed the
efforts offensive ? neutral, however in 1915,
join Triple Entente
12
Balkan Powder Keg

• Prelude
• Balkan Land turbulent area of southeast Europe
  (see map) mountainous peninsula, ethnic/
  religious/ cultural differences cause disputes,
  oppression, driven by nationalism
• Ottoman Empire decline, nickname sick man of
  Europe (The Balkans)
• formation of independent Serbia, Romania,
  Montenegro
• Russia want outlet to Mediterranean, Great
  Britain opposes because of fear of Russia's
  dominance
• Austria wants to expand

Where does term powder keg come
from? Hundreds of years of political and ethnic
conflict ? instability and wars, source of
contention in Europe, all it needed was a spark
to explode into war, that spark was ultimately
provided by the Great Powers
http//www.worldology.com/Europe/pre_world_war.htm
13
Balkan Powder Keg continued.

• Prewar
• 1908 Austria annexes Bosnia ? Serbia and Russia
  furious at Austria's expansion
• 1912 First Balkan War Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria,
  Montenegro wage war on weakened Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman lose most European land by March 1913, 4
  countries split up land
• Austria shocked and angered by Serbia's land
  gains
• 1913 Great Powers draw up peace treaty in London
  reduce Ottoman Empire, divide up land between
  Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro
• Serbia asks Bulgaria to readjust their
  territorial gains... Trigger
• 1913 Second Balkan War
• Bulgarians attack, but lose because
• Serbia has allies (Greece, Romania, Turkey)
• (Chambers 823)
• Serbia divides the area ? confident,
• nationalistic fervor
• only problem enemy Austria
• Bottom Line
• - Example of imperialism, nationalism

http//www.worldology.com/Europe/pre_world_war.htm
14
Culmination
?
Black Hand/ Union or Death Serbian
Terrorist SocietyPrelude Austria gain control
over Bosnia and Herzegovina from Turkey at Treaty
of Berlin (1878) multi-ethnic population When
Austria annex Bosnia in 1908, incite Serbs who
want the land Formed in 1911Goal free Serbians
from Austrias control, using violence if
necessaryBy 1914 2500 membersAfter hear of
Archdukes visit, begin training 3 young Bosnians
? bid for war, didnt expect world war Learn more
about Black Hand and the assassination (Shackelfor
d)

• Immediate cause of WWI, the spark
• June 28, 1914
• Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
  heir to Austria-Hungary throne in Sarajevo
  (capital of Bosnia) by Serbian Black Hand
  nationalist
• Austria-Hungary takes this opportunity to crush
  Serbia and assert influence over the Balkans by
  declaring war
• Russia comes to Serbias rescue
• Austria-Hungary looks to its ally Germany
• Chain of events, ultimately dragging all
  alliances into war through association with those
  involved
• July 28 1914, Austria declare war on Serbia

http//www.funfront.net/hist/wwi/outbreak.htm http
//www.johndclare.net/causes_WWI2.htm
15
Part 1
Part 2
A Picture is worth a thousand words Cartoon
explanation of how war started
http//dhaimasmart.girlshopes.com/causeofwwi/
Click slide to continue cartoon
16
Summary of Causes of WWI
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileWWIchartX.svg
Pictorial Summary of Causes

• Long-term causes of WWI
• Entangling network of alliances Ironic that the
  defensive system of alliances that was suppose
  to deter war resulted in chain reaction bringing
  everyone to war
• Imperialism
• Nationalism (Yellow Journalism, Propaganda,
  Oppression of certain groups)
• Bitter historical grievances (i.e. France lost
  Alsace-Lorraine to Germany)
• Militarism ready for war, 300 increase in
  spent on main European countries (Shellshear)
• Rivalry in wealth, trade, land, industry

Chain of Friendship cartoon
Did you know WWI was called the Great War
during the time? The war to end all wars as
novelist H.G. Wells put it. Pretty safe to say he
was right.
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileWWI-Causes.jpg h
ttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileChain_of_Friendsh
ip_cartoon.gif
17
Significant Figures

• Otto von Bismarck (1815 1898)
• Iron chancellor (blood and iron)
• status quo, conciliatory foreign policy after
  unite Germany

• Tsar Nicholas II (1868 1918)
• Ineptness leads to unrest, food shortage,
  strikes, revolution
• Loses Russo-Japanese War, growing working-class
  with terrible work conditions (-gt Bloody Sunday)
  cause tension at home, he loses support (Tsar)

• Kaiser Wilheim II (1859 1941)
• Militarist, meddles with Bismarcks stable
  foreign policy ? bad relations with other
  countries (i.e. breaks Russian tie, makes enemy
  out of France in Morocco Crisis)
• Love of the navy ? naval arms race with Great
  Britain
• Aggressive support of Austria-Hungary

http//www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/b
ismarck.html http//schoolworkhelper.net/tsar-nich
olas-ii-and-his-effects-on-the-russian-revolution-
of-1917/ http//monarchus.wordpress.com/2010/12/29
/hello-world/
18
Quiz 1. Which country was not in the Triple Entente by 1914? a) France b) Russia c) Britain d) Germany 2. What is not a cause of WWI? a) imperialism b) alliances c) militarism d) nationalism e) mercantilism 3. Which country had the most powerful navy by WWI? a) Russia b) France c) Great Britain d) Germany e) Italy
4. What was Russia's role after Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia? a) as protector of the Slavs, immediately wage war on Austria-Hungary's ally Germany b) ally with France to attack Serbia c) aid Austria-Hungary d) aid Serbia e) neutral, secure its own borders 5. What is the significance of the First and Second Moroccan Crisis? a) end bloody rebellions in Morocco b) France is humiliated by Germany c) Germany gain land through imperialism d) solidify Great Britain and France alliance e) Germany annexes Morocco 6. Which country made first declaration of war? a) Serbia b) France c) Germany d) Italy e) Austria-Hungary f) Bosnia 7. What countries make up Triple Alliance in 1907? a) Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece b) France, Russia, Great Britain c) Russia, Austria-Hungary, Italy d) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy e) Germany, France, Great Britain
8. During the Balkan Wars, which Balkan nation came out as a strong, nationalistic power? a) Albania b) Bosnia c) Bulgaria d) Greece e) Serbia 9. What is not an event leading up to World War I? a) Bosnian Crisis b) Boxer Rebellion c) Second Balkan War d) First Moroccan Crisis (Algeciras) e) Second Moroccon Crisis (Agadir) 10. What was Britains foreign policy during fin de siècle? a) containment b) isolationism c) interventionism d) War on terror e) Disengagement 11. Who was the bellicose German kaiser who dismissed Bismarck and began weltpolitik foreign policy? a) Friedrick III b) Kaiser Wilheim II c) Leopold I d) Franz Ferdinand e) Kaiser Wilheim I
Answers 1. d 2. e 3. c 4. d 5. d 6. e 7.
d 8. e 9. b 10. b 11. b
Click next to see answers!
19
More Info

• Really good powerpoint giving overview of Balkans
  from past to present
• http//cmes.arizona.edu/sites/cmes.arizona.edu/fil
  es/1.20The20Balkans20-20PowerPoint20overview.
  pdf
• Causes of WWI
• http//users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/hist111/WWI.html
  
• http//www.schoolhistory.co.uk/gcselinks/modern/r
  evision/wwirevision.pdf
• Detailed Pre-1914 timeline
• http//net.lib.byu.edu/rdh7/wwi/1914m/willnick/t
  imeline.htm
• Learn more about Kaiser Wilheim IIs aggressive
  actions
• http//www.johndclare.net/causes_WWI3.htm

20
Works Cited/Bibliography

• Background to the War Nobody Won World War I,
  1914-1918. lthttp//iws.collin.edu/kwilkison/Resou
  rces20for20Students/WWI.htmgt. Web. Feb. 20
  2013.
• Clare, John. Background to the War.
  lthttp//www.johndclare.net/causes_WWI2.htmgt. Web.
  16 Feb. 2013.
• Chambers, Mortimer. The Western Experience. 9th
  ed. New York Knopf distributed by Random
  House, 1974. Print.
• Gehrz, Chris. Germanys Place in the Sun.
  lthttp//pietistschoolman.com/2011/12/06/germanys-p
  lace-in-the-sun/gt. Dec. 6 2011. Web. Feb. 18
  2013.
• Livesey, Ruth. Fin de Siècle lthttp//www.oxfordb
  ibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199799558/
  obo-9780199799558-0030.xmlgt.Web. Feb 18 2013.
• Modern History Sourcebook Kaiser Wilhelm II A
  Place in the Sun, 1901 lthttp//www.fordham.edu/ha
  lsall/mod/1901Kaiser.aspgt. Web. Feb 18 2013.
• Russian Where Angels Fear to Tread.
  lthttp//www.historyhouse.com/in_history/russo_japa
  nese/gt. Web. 15 Feb 2013.
• Shackelford, Micheal. The Black Hand.
  lthttp//net.lib.byu.edu/rdh7/wwi/comment/blk-hand
  .htmlgt. Web. Feb. 15 2013.
• Shellshear, World War I. lthttp//mrshellshear.wi
  kispaces.com/WorldWarOnegt. Web. Feb. 15 2013.
• The Balkans Many People, Many Problems.
  lthttp//www.historians.org/projects/giroundtable/B
  alkans/Balkans3.htmgt. Web. Feb 15 2013.
• Tsar Nicholas and the Great War and the Effects
  on Russia. lthttp//it.stlawu.edu/rkreuzer/pburdi
  ck/Tsar_Nicholas_and_the_Great_War.htmgt. Apr. 30
  2003. Web. Feb. 20 2013.
• Weltpolitik and Its Consequences
• lthttp//revolutionizingawareness.com/2011/01/30/we
  ltpolitikE28099-and-its-consequences/gt. Jan 30
  2011. Web. Feb 18 2013.
• Wilde, Robert. The Anglo-Germany Naval Race.
  lthttp//europeanhistory.about.com/od/worldwar1/a/T
  he-Anglo-German-Naval-Race.htmgt. About.com Web.
  Feb. 15 2013.
• World War I. lthttp//www.is.wayne.edu/mnissani/W
  WI/encarta.htmgt. Web. Feb 15 2013.