Hygiene as a science. Prophylactic direction of medicine. Methods of hygienic researches. Hygienic role of climate and weather, peculiarities of their influence to the health of people.

1
Hygiene as a science. Prophylactic direction of
medicine. Methods of hygienic researches.
Hygienic role of climate and weather,
peculiarities of their influence to the health of
people.
2
Hygiene is a science about preservation and
strengthening of public and individual health by
realization of preventive actions. There are two
ways to improve health of people -Protection
and improvement of an environment- Preservation
and increasing of resistibility of an organism.

3
The experience of modern medicine tests that

• the professional competence of a doctor is formed
  by two kinds of medical knowledge and two basic
  methods of medical activity. The first kind of
  knowledge is prophylaxis of illnesses,
  preservation and improvement of population
  health. The second trend is treatment of
  diseases. The knowledge of hygiene allows a
  doctor of any specialty (therapeutist,
  pediatrician, surgeon, stomatologist) to
  implement correctly preventive measures, to
  increase health of population.

4
Among many diseases the following are allocated,
first of all

• Occupational diseases and poisonings caused by
  pathogenic influence of conditions and factors of
  work
• Illnesses connected with irrational nutrition
  (avitaminosis, obesity, etc.), with the use of
  substandard food (food poisonings, infections,
  etc.)
• Diseases connected with the use of drinking
  water, not adequate to hygienic requirements on
  chemical and bacterial structure

5
(Con)

• Illnesses arising from influence of radionuclides
  due to wrong organization of work with
  radioactive substances or pollution of the
  environment with them
• The diseases of children and teenagers
  (underweight, disorders of locomotive system,
  etc.), caused by unfavorable conditions of
  training and education
• (to be continued)

6
con

• Illnesses of respiratory tract as a result of
  intensive pollution of atmospheric air
• Infectious and parasite illnesses, occurring and
  spreading due to sanitary conditions of the
  environment
• Illnesses connected with influence of unfavorable
  hygienic conditions of dwelling.

7

• Beside that there is a large group of
  ecologically caused diseases allergy, malignant
  tumors, genetic and reproductive disorders, etc.

8
The main sections of Hygiene

• Communal (municipal) Hygiene
• Hygiene of Nutrition
• Occupational Hygiene
• Military Hygiene
• Hygiene of Children and Adolescents
• Psychohygiene
• Personal Hygiene
• Hygiene of Medical institutions

9
Etymology of the word Hygiene

• Hygiene is a branch of medicine, which studies
  the influence of factors of the environment,
  living and working conditions on the population's
  health, creates hygienic norms and rules to
  preserve health, to increase working capacity and
  life span.

10
Sanitation

• Sanitation is a practical appliance of hygiene in
  our life. Sanitary-Epidemiolo- gical Station is
  a service (governmental institution) which
  controls if hygienic norms are in use in our
  daily activity.

11
Etymology

• The word "Hygiene" comes from the Greek word
  "Hygieinos", it means carrying health. According
  to Greek mythology God of medicine

12
History

• Aesculapius had two daughters. The elder daughter
  was named Panacea. She initiated the therapeutic
  trend in medicine. The junior daughter was called
  Hygeia. She promoted prophylactic trend of
  medicine. The ancients honored Hygeia as Goddess
  of health. The well-known English scientist E.A.
  Park speaking of hygiene said "The main task of
  this science consists in making the human
  development the most perfective one, but a decay
  of his life the slowest one and his death the
  most remote one".

13
Nykolay I. Pyrogov said

• I believe in Hygiene. The future of medicine
  belongs to prophylaxis, its a real progress of
  medical science.
• Therapeutic medicine is a science about etiology,
  pathogenesis, diagnostic and treatment of
  diseases. Hygiene is a science about health of
  healthy people. Because of this, there are two
  types of doctors attending doctors
  (therapeutists, surgeons, neurologists,
  obstetricians etc.) and doctors-hygienists, i.e.
  doctors who are engaged in prophylaxis.

14

• obstetrics (functioning as sing.) the
  branch of medicine concerned with childbirth and
  the treatment of women before and after
  childbirth
• sanatorium or sanitarium , -riums or -ria
  1) an institution for the medical care and
  recuperation of persons who are chronically ill
  2) a health resort 3) a room in a boarding school
  where sick pupils may be treated in isolation
  Etymology from New Latin, from Latin sanare to
  heal

15
There are also two kinds of medical
establishments

• therapeutic ones (polyclinics, hospitals,
  clinics, therapeutic dispensaries) and
  prophylactic ones (sanitary-epidemiologic
  stations, sanatoriums and preventoriums,
  prophylactic dispensaries).

16
Kinds of prophylaxis are

• Primary prophylaxis
• Secondary prophylaxis
• Tertiary prophylaxis

17
Primary prophylaxis

• Is carried out individually among healthy
  people. Its aim is to prevent the disease. This
  is the highest form of prophylaxis. It includes
  hygienic and special measures.

18
Hygienic measures

• mean a healthy way of living and carrying out
  prophylactic inoculations (specific prophylaxis).

19
Special measures

• are carried out by doctors, who are experts in
  their own field, with the purpose of prevention
  of some kinds of disease.

20
Secondary prophylaxis

• is carried out among persons, who are falling
  ill, on the individual base. Its aim is to
  prevent the relapses, complications and
  transition from acute state to chronic form of
  disease.
• N.B. An acute disease is easier to treat than a
  chronic one.

21
The categories of chronic disease are

• 1) illnesses without symptoms
• 2) chronic illnesses, which are growing
  progressively worse
• 3) invalidating chronic illnesses
• 4) incurable hereditary diseases

22
Water as a factor of health. Hygienic
significance of water. Requirements toquality
of drinking water. Hygiene of water supply.
Methods of water quality improvement.
23
Main functions of water

• Physiological
• - for assimilation, dissimilation, resorption,
  elimination, and thermoregulation
• - solvent for nutritious substances
• - as plastic material
• Sanitary
• Household

24
Main functions of water (con)

• Industrial, agricultural
• Health-improving
• Recreational

25
Physiological significance of water

• Fatty tissue consists of 30 of water.
• White matter of brain and liver contains 70 of
  water,
• skin about 72, muscles - 76.
• About 79 of water is in heart and 83 in
  kidneys. Grey matter of brain contains 86 of
  water and eyes - 90.

26
Physiological significance of water

• Blood and lymph are water solutions of complex
  chemical compound.
• The human body consists of 65 - 70 of water on
  an average.

27
Kinds of water supply

• Decentralized or local
• Centralized or water pipe (hot and cold running
  water, tap water)

28
Water hygienic requirements

• Water should have perfect organoleptic and
  physical qualities
• Water should have optimal chemical composition
• Water should not decrease biological value of
  food
• Water should not be hard
• Water should not include radiological and toxic
  substances (no higher than maximum concentration
  limit)
• Water should not include pathogenic germs.

29
Water transmitted diseases

• 1. Bacterial infectious diseases (cholera,
  typhoid, salmonellosis, dysentery, paratyphoid,
  brucellosis, plague, leptospirosis, etc.)
• 2. Viral diseases (viral hepatitis,
  poliomyelitis, enterovirus diseases)
• 3. Protozoan diseases (balantidiasis, amebic
  dysentery)
• 4. Helminthiasises (ascaridiasis,
  diphyllobothriasis, schistosomiasis, etc.)
• 5. Diseases due to water chemical composition

30
Diseases due to water chemical composition

• As a result of high water hardness (urolithiasis,
  nephrolithiasis, podagra) or low water hardness
  (cardio-vascular diseases, osteoporosis)
• As a result of high quantity of nitrogenated
  compounds (hydro-nitrate (well-water)
  methemoglobinemia)
• biogeochemical endemia (caries, fluorosis,
  endemic goitre, molybdenic arthritis, Kashin-Bek
  disease (strontium endemic osteoarthritis), boric
  enteritis)
• Presence of toxic chemical substances ("ungulate
  disease" (As), lead poisoning (Pb pipes),
  Minomata disease (Hg), Cd poisoning)

31
Zones of sanitary maintenance

• The zone of sanitary maintenance of water supply
  source is specific territory concerned with
  waterworks intake
• 1. Clozed zone - includes area of water source
  and main waterworks intakes. This zone is
  enclosed and supervised
• 2. Restricted zone includes area of water source
  up and down stream (some kilometers)
• 3. Observational zone (tens km)

32
Vinnytsya National Medical University Hygiene
and Ecology Department?OPIC OF THE
LECTURENUTRITION AS A FACTOR OF HEALTH.
SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS OF RATIONAL NUTRITION.
HYGIENIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SEPARATE COMPONENTS OF
NUTRITION. HYGIENIC FOUNDATIONS OF ALIMENTARY
DISEASES FOOD POISONINGS PREVENTION. Lecturer
Krystyna Zaytseva,PhD, Assistant Professor of
Hygiene Ecology Department
33
Outline of the lecture

• 1. Scientific bases of balanced nutrition
  /??rminological review/
• 1.1. Concept of Adequate Nutrition
• 1.2. Concept of Balanced Nutrition
• 1.3. Concept of Rational Nutrition
• 1.4. Biomedical Significance of Food (Functions
  of food)
• 1.5. The basic kinds of nutrition
• 1.6. Biological action of food
• 1.7. Classification of Nutritive Substances (The
  basic kinds of food substances)
• 1.8. Classification of the Food Products
  (Aliments) by origin
• 2. Hygienic significance of separate components
  of nutrition
• 2.1. Biomedical Value of Proteins. Diseases due
  to Protein Insufficiency Excess
• 2.2. Biomedical value of Fats. Diseases due to
  Fat Insufficiency Excess
• 2.3. Biomedical value of Carbohydrates. Diseases
  due to Carbohydrate Insufficiency Excess.
• 2.4. Biomedical value of Minerals. Classification
  of Minerals.
• 2.5. Biomedical value of Vitamins. Classification
  of Vitamins.
• 3. Sanitary-and-Hygienic Expertise of Food
  Products (Aliments)
• 4. Hygienic foundations of Alimentary Diseases
  Prevention and Food Poisonings Prevention.
• 4.1 Classification of Alimentary Diseases Food
  Poisonings
• 4.2. The basic directions of Alimentary Diseases
  Food Poisonings Preventions

34
LECTURE 4

• Labor and health. Occupational Hygiene and
  Occupational Physiology. Classifica-tion of
  harmful factors of the working process and
  industrial environment. Hygienic characteristic
  of physical, chemical and biological factors of
  industrial environment.

35
Hygiene of labour - is a branch

• of prophylactic medicine that studies conditions
  and character of the work, their influence on the
  health and functional state of the human it
  develops scientific basis of hygienic regulation
  of factors of working environment and production.

36
Classification of harmful occupational factors

• Physical factors
• Chemical factors
• Biological factors
• Not correct organisation of work (too intensive
  work, absence of breaks in work )
• Bad sanitary conditions of work (bad ventilation,
  bad lighting, absence of toilet, absence of hot
  and cold water)

37
Physical factors

• microclimate (temperature, humidity, air
  movement, temperature radiation)
• nonionizing radiation (electrostatic field,
  permanent magnetic field, electric and magnetic
  fields of industrial frequency (50 hertz),
  ionizing radiation

38
Physical factors

• industrial noise, ultrasound, infrasound
• vibration (local, general)
• lighting (natural artificial insufficient,
  direct and reflected shine, fluctuation of
  lighting).

39
Chemical factors

• substances of chemical origin,
• substances of biological character that were
  obtained due to chemical synthesis,
• substances that should be controlled due to
  chemical analysis.

40
Biological factors

• micro-organisms - producers, viruses, and
  spores, pathogens.

41

• protozoan , -zoa or -zoans 1) Also called
  protozoon -zoa any of various minute
  unicellular organisms formerly regarded as
  invertebrates of the phylum Protozoa but now
  usually classified in certain phyla of
  protoctists. Protozoans include flagellates,
  ciliates, sporozoans, amoebas, and foraminifers
  also protozoic 2) of or relating to protozoans

42
Hygienic norms of working conditions

• (maximum permissible concentration, maximum
  permissible level, etc) are the levels of
  harmful working factors which cannot cause
  diseases or disturbance in health, which can be
  indicated by modern research methods, during the
  work or remote life periods of the present and
  subsequent generations. The norms are measured
  for daily work (except days off) during 8 hours,
  but not more than 40 per week.

43
The act of Ministry of Health of Ukraine ?528 on
27.12.2001 introduced

• The Hygienic CLASSIFICATION OF WORK ACCORDING THE
  HARMFULNESS AND DANGER OF FACTORS OF WORKING
  ENVIRONMENT, PRODUCTIVE HARDNESS AND TENSION

44
List of the main occupational diseases

Psycho-emotional factors (psycho-emotional stress at working place) Work with mentally ill people Psychoneuroses, depression, neuroasthenia Psychoneuroses, traumas.
45
Kinds of prophylaxis

• Prevention (prophylaxis) of the occupational
  pathology is the system of state, medical and
  public measures aimed at improvement and
  preservation of the workers health at industrial
  or agricultural enterprises.
• Primary (initial) prophylaxis includes
  prevention of diseases, influence on the factors
  that cause illness and risk factors that
  stimulate it.
• Repeated (secondary) prophylaxis aims at
  prevention of development and aggravation of the
  disease, elimination of negative influence of the
  environmental factors and systematic treatment of
  the patient.

46
Tertiary prophylaxis

• includes medicoprophylactic technologies aimed
  at removing negative consequences of the disease
  (relapses, complications, temporary and permanent
  disability, death). Also this kind of prophylaxis
  contemplates improvement of patients life
  quality (prosthetics, removing of pain syndrome

47
The list of professions that require medical
examinations of the workers

• The workers of all professions who are under 21
  years old.
• The workers of all professions who work being
  influenced by harmful substances and negative
  working factors.
• The workers of all professions who work
  underground.
• The workers of all professions who work at
  hydrometeorological stations, communication
  services located in polar, mountainous, arid
  (desert) regions or other back or uninhabited
  lands, in difficult climatic conditions.

48
The list of professions that require medical
examinations of the workers

• The workers of all professions who work at high
  altitude.
• The workers who work at electrical installations
  with the voltage more than 1000 V.
• The workers of all professions who work in the
  forestry and timber enterprises.
• Machine operators who deal with the devices under
  pressure.

49
The list of professions that requires medical
examination of the workers

• Boiler plant workers
• Workers who deal with explosive substances or
  who work at highly explosive or fire-hazardous
  enterprises
• Work with machinery
• Work connected with means of transport.

50
Pediatric hygiene

• Pediatric hygiene is the main prophylactic
  science that researches the influence of factors
  of environment, academic (studying) and upbrining
  conditions on childrens health.
• An object under study is childrens organism from
  the birth to the end of period of growth.

51
Pediatric hygiene (cont.)

• Birth-rate, natural increase of population are
  very important indices of health of population.
• The child is not a little adult and has many
  morphological and physiological peculiarities.
• The organism of children and teenagers is
  characterized by 2 processes growth and
  development.

52
Growth development

• Growth is a quantitative characteristic of
  children, whereas development is a qualitative
  one. These processes are interdependent one with
  the other.

53
Diseases of schoolchildren

• As a result of studying stress, exacerbation of
  chronic illness diseases of ears, throat, and
  nose, acute illness of upper respiratory organs
  are typical for pupils. From 50 up to 90 of
  pupils have dental caries.

54
 Morbidity rate per 1000 population of
corresponding age
55
Morbidity of schoolchildren

• Hypodynamia of children and irrational nutrition
  results in extra-weight of children and
  teenagers. Children of our generation are sitting
  all the way in schools (5-7 lessons) and spending
  2-4 hours preparing their homework, let alone 3-5
  hours watching TV. That is why physical activity
  and rational nutrition are very significant
  factors for prophylaxis of extra-weight.

56
Physiometric method

• Vital volume of lungs is measured by means of
  water or air spirometers (lung tester). The child
  takes his maximum breath and exhales slowly in
  the mouthpiece of spirometer, exhalation through
  the nose is to be eliminated. After 2-3
  measurements the largest result is taken into
  account. Muscular force of hands and trunk is
  determined by dynamometers.

57
Somatoscopic method

• Skeleton is subdivided into thin (narrow
  shoulders and thorax, hands an feet of small
  size) stocky (broad skeleton, wide shoulders and
  hands is evaluate more than an average one), and
  middle (intermediate between thin and stocky.
  Forms of the thorax are divided into cylindrical,
  conical, plane.

58
Somatoscopic method

• The posture its a natural pose of freely
  standing man (or child). Posture can be correct
  or incorrect. Incorrect posture might be
  lordotic, kyphotic, straightened, round
  shouldered.

59
Kinds of posture

• Lordotic posture is characterized by extremely
  expressed lower back lordosis and decrease of
  cervical flexure. In case of lordotic posture
  head and shoulders a throw back while abdomen -
  forward. When the posture is round - shoulders
  the cervical flexure is extremely expressed and
  lumbar flexure is smoothed. Shoulders dropped,
  abdomen - forward. In kyphotic posture both
  flexures (cervical and lumbar flexures) are
  extremely expressed and at straightened posture
  they are smoothed.

60
How to assess physical development?

• Method of "Sigmal deviations". Estimation of
  physical development children and teenagers by
  means of "Sigmal deviations" method is carried ?n
  separately height, weight and other indices.
  First the material is reviewed and classified by
  age, sex, nationality, health condition, etc.

61
Method of " Regression scale"

• Method of " Regression scale" by stature. This
  method takes into account correlation between
  stature, weight and circumference of thorax i.e.
  it allows to get combined estimation of physical
  development according totality of signs and their
  interdependence.

62
Complex method of estimation of physical
development

• This method is based on the method of
  "Regression scale" and takes into account number
  of teeth, level of sexual development, annual
  additions in stature, and others.
• In accordance with this method of physical
  development estimation, all children and
  teenagers are divided into 3 groups.

63
Groups of physical development

• The first group includes children whose
  biological age corresponds to their passport age.
  The second group includes all children whose
  biological age overtakes passport one. Children
  whose biological age is below passport one are
  classifyed as the third group of physical
  development.

64
Methods of hygienic estimation of functional
readiness of children for education at school.

• Express-evaluation (screening test) of functional
  readiness of children for education at school
  (test by Kern-Eraesek)
• The deep (profound) psychophysiological study of
  the higher nervous activity of the child.
• Test by Kern-Erasek consists of three tasks
• - Drawing a man
• - Copying a short phrase of 3-4 words
• - Copying a group of dots.

65
Test by Kern-Erasek

• In the first task the child should draw a man
  without any instructions in the second task he
  should copy a short phrase from the sample, e.g.
  He ate the soup, She drank milk in the
  third the child looks at the sample for 1
  minute and then tries to remember the number and
  location of dots and copy them into his paper.

66
The criteria of general estimation

• Up to 5 points high functional readiness of
  children for education at school
• 6-10 points medium functional readiness of
  children for education at school
• More than 11 points low functional readiness of
  children for education at school.

67
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68
Vinnytsya National Pirogov Memorial Medical
UniversityHygiene and Ecology Department?OPIC
OF THE LECTURE Hospital Hygiene. Modern problems
of hospital construction. Nosocomial Infections
Prevention. Occupational Hygiene of different
profile physicians.Lecturer Krystyna Zaytseva,
PhD, Assistant Professor of Hygiene Ecology
Department
69
Outline of the lecture

• 1. Hospital Hygiene as a Section of Hygiene. The
  basic concepts of Hospital Hygiene.
• 1.1. Contents (Set of basic forms/documents/) of
  Hospital Construction Project
• 1.2. The basic variants of Conclusion on the
  results of Hospital Construction Project Sanitary
  Expertise
• 1.3. Basic systems of hospital construction
• 1.4. Hygienic requirements to the land plot for
  hospital building
• 1.5. Functional Zones of hospital land plot
• 1.6. Hygienic principles of internal planning of
  hospital buildings
• 1.7. Planning of department wards. The basic
  types of hospital wards.
• 1.8. Air Cleanness Sanitary Criteria in a
  hospital ward
• 1.9. Rational bed dislocation in the hospital
  ward
• 2. Nosocomial Infections Prevention.
• 2.1. Concept of Nosocomial Infection.
• 2.2. Concept of Sanitary-Antepidemic Regimen.
  Groups of Measures of Sanitary-Antepidemic
  Regimen at the hospital.
• 2.3. Disinfection. Classification of
  Disinfection.
• 3. Occupational Hygiene of different profile
  physicians (Occupational Hygiene of Therapist,
  Surgeon, Dentist, Infectionist, etc.)

70
Vinnytsya National Pirogov Memorial Medical
UniversityHygiene and Ecology Department?OPIC
OF THE LECTURE HYGIENIC FOUNDATIONS OF HEALTHY
LIFESTYLE. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF PERSONAL HYGIENE.
MODERN PROBLEMS OF PSYCHOHYGIENE AND MENTAL
HEALTH PROMOTION. HYGIENIC FOUNDATIONS OF
BIORHYTHMOLOGY.Lecturer Krystyna Zaytseva,
PhD, Assistant Professor of Hygiene Ecology
Department
71
Outline of the lecture

• 1. Hygienic foundations of healthy lifestyle.
• 1.1. Health Lifestyle as 2 basic
  characteristics of human organism condition.
  Definitions.
• 1.2. Concept of Wellness
• 1.3. Lifestyle significance for health wellness
• 1.4. Lifestyle conception by acad. Lisitsin
  (Russia)
• 1.5. State-of-art definitions for lifestyle
• 2. Actual problems of Personal Hygiene.
• 2.1. The main types of lifestyle errors
• 3. Modern Problems of Psychohygiene and Mental
  Health Promotion.
• 3.1. Definition of Psychohygiene (Mental Hygiene)
  
• 3.2. Basic tasks of Psychohygiene
• 3.3. Concept of Mental Health
• 3.4. Psychohygienic principles of Mental Health
  Promotion
• 3.5. Definition of Psychophysiology
• 3.6. Main socially significant psychophysiological
  functions
• 3.7. Main professionally significant
  psychophysiological functions
• 4. Hygienic foundations of Biorhythmology.
• 4.1. Definition of Chronohygiene
• 4.2. Definition of Biorhythm. Human types by
  biorhythmological structure of organism

72
Vinnytsya National Pirogov Memorial Medical
UniversityHygiene and Ecology Department?OPIC
OF THE LECTURE Radiation Hygiene. Hygienic
problems of environment pollution with
radionuclides. Hygienic aspects of Antirad
Protection at medical treatment
facilities.Lecturer Krystyna Zaytseva, PhD,
Assistant Professor of Hygiene Ecology
Department
73
Outline of the lecture

• 1. Radiation Hygiene
• 1.1. Radiation Hygiene as a branch of hygiene
  /brief intro/
• 1.2. Foundations of Theory of Radioactivity
  /Basic concepts review/
• 2. Hygienic problems of environment pollution
  with radionuclides
• 2.1. Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics
  for Radionuclides (connected to radioactive
  pollution of environment and health impact)
• 2.2. Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics
  for different kinds of Ionizing Radiation
  (connected to radioactive pollution of
  environment and health impact)
• 2.3. Radiobiological Effects
• 3. Hygienic aspects of Antirad Protection at the
  medical treatment facilities
• 3.1. The basic directions of Antirad Protection
• 3.2 .Radiation Control Devices
• 3.3. Radiation Safety Standards in Ukraine

74
Vinnytsya National Pirogov Memorial Medical
UniversityHygiene and Ecology Department?OPIC
OF THE LECTURE HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTIC OF
CLIMATE AND WEATHER IN COUNTRIES WITH HOT CLIMATE
AND TROPICAL BELT COUNTRIES. QUESTIONS OF
MUNICIPAL HYGIENE, URBAN PLANNING AND WATER
SUPPLY IN TROPICAL CLIMATE. HYGIENIC PROBLEMS OF
RATIONAL NUTRITION IN COUNTRIES WITH HOT CLIMATE
AND TROPICAL BELT COUNTRIES. WHO PREVENTIVE
PROGRAMS.Lecturer Krystyna Zaytseva, PhD,
Assistant Professor of Hygiene Ecology
Department
75
Outline of the lecture

• 1. Hygienic characteristic of climate and weather
  in countries with hot climate and Tropical Belt
  Countries (Brief Intro).
• 1.1. Tropics as geographic concept (Definition).
  Geography of Tropical Zone.
• 1.2. Medico-geographical aspect of characteristic
  of Tropics
• 1.3. The basic types of tropical climate
• 2. Influence of hot climate on the person
  organism
• 2.1. Medical Climatology Medical Geography as
  the Sciences Allied to Climatology
• 2.2. Peculiarities of air temperature in
  tropical belt. Standard, Health Impact.
• 2.3. Peculiarities of air humidity in tropical
  belt. Health Impact. Standard, Health Impact.
• 2.4. Heat stroke (condition, pathogenesis,
  disease clinical pattern)
• 3. Questions of Municipal Hygiene, urban planning
  and water supply in tropical climate.
• 3.1. 3 basic types of wells in tropical countries
  /recommended by WHO/
• 3.2. Problems of the occupied places planning in
  tropical countries. Recommended medical and
  sanitary support of occupied places in tropical
  countries /by WHO/. 3.3. Basic types of toilettes
  for tropical contries / recommended by WHO/.
• 3.4. Problems of Labor Hygiene in conditions of
  tropics (day regimen, wear, footwear )
• 4. Hygienic problems of rational nutrition in
  Tropical Belt Countries.
• 4.1.Classification of Tropical Diseases with
  Alimentary Way of transmission (by WHO)
• 5. WHO preventive programs.
• 5.1. Brief history, aims structure of WHO. The
  Millennium Development Goals.

76
Urbanization and population health. Hygienic
significance of accommodation
77

• Different forms of urbanization can be classified
  depending on the style of architecture and
  planning methods as well as historic growth of
  areas.

78

• In cities of the developed world urbanization
  traditionally exhibited a concentration of human
  activities and settlements around the downtown
  area, the so-called in-migration. In-migration
  refers to migration from former colonies and
  similar places.

79

• Recent developments, such as inner-city
  redevelopment schemes, mean that new arrivals in
  cities no longer necessarily settle in the
  centre. In some developed regions, the reverse
  effect, originally called counter urbanisation
  has occurred, with cities losing population to
  rural areas, and is particularly common for
  richer families.

80

• inner city a) the parts of a city in or near its
  centre, esp when they are associated with
  poverty, unemployment, substandard housing, etc
  b) (as modifier) inner-city schools inner city
  ????? ?????? ("????? ? ??????") ?????? ?????,
  ?????? ? ??????????? ????? ...

81
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82

• Private car circulation has been restricted in
  some cities in South America and Europe in
  attempts to reduce harmful levels of air
  pollution. Worldwide, more than 1 000 million
  urban residents are exposed to health-threatening
  levels of air pollution (Schwele 1995).

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• Urbanisation is most rapid in Third World
  countries, where the world's largest cities
  occur. Mexico City, the world's largest city, has
  a population of more than 18 million, estimated
  to grow to over 26 million people by the year
  2000.

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• Unplanned rapid urbanisation has been identified
  as a health hazard in southern Africa, leading to
  conditions that spread serious diseases. These
  diseases stem from environmental problems such as
  contaminated water, poor sanitation,
  smoke-polluted indoor air and exposure to
  mosquitoes, along with other examples of crowded
  living conditions.

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Environment pollution

• Chemicals used in both primary sectors are major
  factors in causing and worsening tuberculosis,
  bronchitis, heart disease, cancer and asthma.
  Increased exposure to chemical health risks in
  urban areas is particularly harmful to children
  and pregnant women.

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Air pollution

• The quality of air is also affected by the
  industrialisation that occurs with urbanisation.
  Air pollution levels are neither monitored nor
  controlled in most cities in Africa, but while
  air pollution is still low compared with other
  areas,

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• The main sources of air pollution are found in
  urban areas and major developments such as mines
  and industries. Burning of fuelwood, fires,
  exhaust fumes from vehicles and the use of coal
  in factories cause air pollution,

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• Urban demand for water in Latin America is likely
  to rise fivefold during the next four decades
  (WRI, UNEP and UNDP 1994).

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• In Western Europe (EEA 1998) and North America
  (WRI, UNEP, UNDP and WB 1996), in contrast with
  most other regions, there is a move out of large
  cities into suburbs and smaller urban centres.

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Conclusion

• Recent trends in urbanization reflect economic
  and political changes. Within the context of the
  structural changes in the world economy, some
  regions and cities have proved more flexible than
  nations in adapting to changing economic
  conditions.

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• Thank you!

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• accommodation 1) lodging or board and lodging
  2) adjustment, as of differences or to new
  circumstances adaptation, settlement, or
  reconciliation 3) something fulfilling a need,
  want, etc. convenience or facility 4) physiology
  the automatic or voluntary adjustment of the
  shape of the lens of the eye for far or near
  vision 5) willingness to help or oblige 6)
  commerce a loan, usually made as an act of favour
  by a bank before formal credit arrangements are
  agreed