Chapter 29 The World Between Wars: Revolutions, Depression and Authoritarian Response

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Chapter 29 The World Between Wars Revolutions,
Depression, and Authoritarian Response
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The Roaring Twenties

• Period of stability and optimism
• Postwar inflation occurred as governments printed
  new money instead of raising taxes
• The United States and Japans economy and
  culture boomed in the 1920s.
• In US, art and science benefited from new ideas
  after the war.
• In US, new mass consumerism and popular culture
  was important (flappers radio films jazz)
• Western Europe does not regain its position of
  global economic dominance.
• The United States entered a period of isolation
  after refusing to enter the League of Nations.
• 1919 Germanys new democratic government (Weimar
  Republic) replaces the imperial government
  originally put in place.
• Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928  renounced the use
  of war and called for the peaceful settlement of
  disputes

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The Global Great Depression (1929-1933)

• WWI devastated European economies Germany unable
  to make reparations payments ? Britain and France
  unable to repay war debts to US.
• Employment in key sectors (coal, iron, textiles)
  began to decline less demand postwar.
• October 1929 The New York Stock Market crashed.
  Investors were building up high debt because of
  easy credit when stock market crashed, people
  pulled their money banks collapsed.
• International collapses
• Unemployment and lower wages in US, Germany,
  Britain, Latin Am.
• Western luxury purchases collapsed hurt Japanese
  and Chinese economies.
• People stopped buying goods to save money, which
  hurt production levels and employment.
• Dust Bowl of 1930s period of severe dust storms
  and droughts in US prairies

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FDRs New Deal (1933-1938)

• Most governments tried to cut spending and many
  raised tariffs worsened Depression.
• Governments saw an incapacitated parliamentary
  system or the overturning of parliamentary
  systems.
• Turn to fascism
• Franklin D. Roosevelt offered New Deal.
• Rapid government growth
• Offered more direct aid to Americans through
  increased unemployment benefits and jobs on
  public works projects
• Social Security created provide protection in
  unemployment and old age
• Stimulates American economy and restored faith in
  gov.

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Quick Review Question

1. Describe the Roaring Twenties.
2. What event most directly causes the Global Great
   Depression?
3. FDRs New Deal was focused on _____.

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Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)

• President Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910) encouraged
  economic growth did not benefit peasants.
• Mexico was not self-sufficient, relying too much
  on foreign investments and exports.
• 1910 Rebellion occurred over election reform led
  by Francisco Madero.
• Land reform, financial reform, political reform,
  education
• Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata led rebellions
  that drove Diaz from power.
• Essentially functioned as caudillos of their
  territories (Villa north Zapata south
• Villa and Zapata fought over the nature of the
  new regime, while they each remained in control
  of their home territories.
• The Mexico Constitution of 1917 attempted to
  change social problems in Mexico.
• Land reform and public education
• 1920-1924 Alvaro Obrégon elected president
  civil war ended.
• 1920s and 30s The Party of the Institutionalized
  Revolution (PRI) developed.

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Political Changes in Latin America

• Limitations of liberalism became apparent as
  Corporatism rose
• Aimed at curbing capitalism while avoiding
  Marxism by making the state a mediator that
  adjusted to the interests of different social
  groups.
• Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas (PRI) was a
  corporatist.
• Distributed 40 million acres to peasants
  communal farms created created a state monopoly
  of oil expanded rural education programs.
• Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas
• Promised liberal reforms after the crash of
  Brazils coffee market in the 1929 Depression.
• New constitution in 1937 imposed an
  authoritarian regime, limited immigration, and
  eliminated political opposition.
• Brazil joined the Allies in WWII.
• Becomes a corporatist government

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Communist Russia

• February Revolution of 1917 Russia saw strikes
  and rioting in St. Petersburg and tsar Nicholas
  II abdicated.
• Protested early industrialization set against
  incomplete rural reform, and an unresponsive
  political system
• Russia was ruled by a provisional government for
  eight months led by Alexander Kerensky.
• Reforms were slow
• October Revolution of 1917 Lenin and Communist
  party took over.
• The Council of Peoples Commissars was created
  to govern Russia.
• Lenin shut down parliament and replaced it with
  the Congress of Soviets.
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk led to early exit from
  WWI
• 1918-1922 Russian Civil War (tsarist generals
  vs. Communist Red Army led by Leon Trotsky)
• July 16/17, 1918 Tsar Nicholas II and family
  executed by Bolsheviks

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Lenins Russia (1917-1924)

• Lenins initial plans to redistribute land to
  the peasantry and have the state take over basic
  industry led to agricultural and industrial
  decline.
• To solve this, Lenin instituted the New Economic
  Policy (NEP), which resulted in an increase of
  production.
• Mixture of Communism and capitalism
• Small amounts of private land ownership and small
  businesses still allowed
• Food production increased
• 1923 Moscow became new capital.
• 1923 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
  (USSR) was created after the creation of a new
  constitution.
• In reality, an authoritarian system
• Supreme Soviet was created, and was elected by
  universal suffrage
• Provided public education

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Stalinism (1924-1953)

• 1924 Lenin died Joseph Stalin now leader.
• Stalin represented staunch anti-Western, Russian
  tradition and Communism.
• Stalin wanted to make the USSR a fully industrial
  society under the control of the state.
• Terror tactics and labor camps
• Under Stalin, Russia fully industrializes
• Stalins economic policy
• 1928 Collectivization of agriculture (large,
  state-run farms rather than individual holdings)
  farmers share proceeds and give portion to gov.
• Kulaks (wealthy peasants) resist ? purges
  (expulsion of rivals)
• Five Year Plans government constructed massive
  factories for mining, electrical power and
  metallurgy.
• From 1927-1937, Soviet output of machinery and
  metal products grew 14-fold

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Quick Review Question

1. What is accomplished at the February Revolution?
   What does Lenin accomplish in the October
   Revolution?
2. What economic plan does Lenin use? What is it
   called?
3. What economic plan does Stalin use? What is it
   called?

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Chinas May Fourth Movement (1919)

• 1911 Sun Yat-sen (western-educated) headed the
  Revolutionary Alliance and was elected president
  in 1911.
• Sun Yat-sen resigned when warlord Yuan Shikai
  replaced him as president in 1912.
• 1912 Puyi, last Qing emperor, abdicated.
• 1919 At Treaty of Versailles, Japan was granted
  holdings in northern China China upset they did
  not get that territory, as they were allies with
  Entente too.
• May 4, 1919 The May Fourth Movement
• Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China
• Attempt to create a liberal democracy in China
  and institute liberal reforms
• Ineffective against powerful warlords

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Seizure of Power by Chinas Kuomintang

• Chinas Nationalist party (Kuomintang) was formed
• Will be biggest rival for communism
• Organized by Sun Yat-sen and followers
• 1925 Yat-sen dies led by Chiang Kai-shek
• The Nationalists began creating alliances with
  key social groups in China.
• Superior, U.S.-supplied forces will also try to
  rid nation of warlords
• The Nationalists focused on political issues
  ignored famine, disease, and domestic programs.
• Communist Party poses a threat.
• 1924 Nationalists form alliance with Chinese
  Communists, who serve as link to peasants and
  urban workers
• 1924 Whampoa Military Academy opened led by
  Kai-shek.

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Marxist Alternatives in China

• Li Dazhao, Chinese intellectual, reworked Marxist
  ideology to fit China.
• Li was convinced that Chinas small urban working
  class was unable to carry out the revolution by
  itself.
• Because of these views, he disregarded or played
  down the doctrine of proletarian class struggle
  presented in Marxism-Leninism.
• Li altered Marxs two-class system by extending
  it to a two-region system (bourgeoisie,
  oppressive West and proletariat China).
• Believed in social reform, an authoritarian state
  (to intervene constructively in peoples lives),
  and social welfare.
• 1921 Communist Party of China created.
• Young Mao Zedong a member.
• Lis ideas formed the core of Maos thinking

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Mao Zedong and Civil War (1927-1949)

• 1927 Kai-Shek turned against communists and
  attacked them in Shanghai civil war breaks out.
• Kai-shek captured areas in the Yangtze River
  valley, Shanghai, Beijing and Huanghe River
  valley.
• 1934 Mao Zedong spearheaded the Long March
• 90,000 communists in the Chinese Red Army marched
  thousands of miles to escape Kuomintang.
• Used dilapidated wooden rifles when armed at
  allto defend against the Nationalists machine
  guns and foreign-supplied arsenal.
• During this trek, Mao solidified his position in
  the Communist Party leadership.
• Communists and Nationalists ally during WWII to
  fight Japanese invaders
• Civil war between Communists and Kuomintang ends
  in 1949
• Message of communism (land reform) gained support
  with peasants
• Kai-Shek and Kuomintang fled to Taiwan
• Mao proclaimed Peoples Republic of China

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Quick Review Question

1. How do the Nationalists (Kuomintang) plan to
   eliminate the Communist party?
2. How is Communism altered in China?
3. What event helps to solidify Mao Zedongs power
   in the Communist party?

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Taisho (1912-1926) and Showa (1926-1989)

• Fully industrialized after 1931 expanded
  factories, shipbuilding, and agricultural output.
• War and depression present challenges ?
  aggressive foreign policy by government
  controlled by the military.
• Militarization of Japan
• Entered WWI pursues German-held islands in
  Pacific and China.
• Japan proposed Twenty-One Demands to China
• Would have reduced China to a protectorate.
• 1932 Army officers murdered the prime minister
  of Japan.

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Rise of Fascism

• Fascism authoritarian, nationalist regime
• Attacked the weakness of democracy, the
  corruption of capitalism, and took control of the
  economy to reduce social friction.
• Italy Benito Mussolini emerged in 1919, formed
  Fascist Party, and aimed to restore Italy to
  height of its past.
• 1922-1945 Ruled as Prime Minister
• Argued a corporate state would replace both
  capitalism and socialism with a new national
  unity.
• Eliminated opponents directed nationalist
  propaganda begins government-directed economic
  programs promoted aggressive foreign policy
• 1935 Mussolini attacked and won Ethiopia League
  of Nations condemned this but did not take
  action.
• Spain Francisco Franco brings fascist party
  (Falange) to power through the Spanish Civil War
  (1936-1939)
• Franco, the general of the Spanish military, won
  after three years of fighting.

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Rise of Nazism

• The impact of the Depression and German
  humiliation post WWI led to the rise of a new
  fascist regime in Germany.
• Hitler waned to recoup Germany after WWI
• 1933 The National Socialist, or Nazi, regime in
  Germany was led by Adolf Hitler.
• Totalitarianism government that exercises
  massive control over virtually all of its
  citizens actions state should provide guidance
  and return to tradition
• Hitler wanted unity, and a strong leader under a
  centralized state who would attack what he
  claimed were Jewish influences in Germany.
• The Gestapo, or secret police, arrested political
  opponents.
• Hitler blamed Jews for excessive capitalism and
  for weakening German spirit (anti-Semitism)
• Post-1940s pursues literal and complete
  elimination of Jews.

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Timeline of Hitlers Rise

• 1933 Hitler set up totalitarian state.
• 1935 Rearms Germany against Treaty of Versailles
• 1938 Anschluss (unification with Austria)
• 1938 Munich Conference leads to policy of
  appeasement (GB and Fr have Germany promise not
  to take more territory)
• 1939 Hitler annexes Czechoslovakia
• 1939 Nonaggression pact with Soviet Union
• September 1, 1939 Hitler attacked Poland ?
  begins WWII

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New Nations in Central Europe

• New nations created from Treaty of Versailles
• Many began with Western-style parliaments but
  could not maintain them during economic
  difficulties.
• Tension between leftists who want to emulate
  Soviet Unions communist regime and rightists who
  sought authoritarian government to restore
  national honor.
• Authoritarianism arrived in most eastern European
  nations.
• Rivalries between small eastern European nations
  were frequent.
• Most remained primarily agricultural with mostly
  peasants.

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Quick Review Question

1. Describe fascism.
2. What three countries in Europe develop large
   fascist parties?
3. List some early events that gained Hitler power.