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Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

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Title: Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein


1
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
2
Question?
  • How does DNA control a cell?

3
For tests
  • Name(s) of experimenters
  • Outline of the experiment
  • Result of the experiment and its importance

4
1909 - Archibald Garrod
5
Example
6
George Beadle and Edward Tatum
Neurospora Pink bread mold
7
Experiment
8
(No Transcript)
9
Results
10
Conclusion
11
Current Hypothesis
12
Central Dogma
  • DNA
  • Transcription
  • RNA
  • Translation
  • Polypeptide

13
Explanation
14
Genetic Code
15
Code Basis
  • If you use

16
If you use
17
If you use
18
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19
Genetic Code
20
Codon
21
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22
Codon Dictionary
23
For Testing
24
Code Redundancy
25
Reading Frame
26
Code Evolution
27
Transcription
28
Transcription Steps
29
RNA Polymerase
30
RNA Polymerase Binding
31
RNA Polymerase Binding Needs
32
Promoters
33
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34
TATA Box
35
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36
Transcription Factors
37
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38
Transcription Initiation Complex
39
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40
Initiation
41
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42
Comment
  • Getting Transcription started is complicated.
  • Gives many ways to control which genes are
    decoded and which proteins are synthesized.

43
Elongation
44
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45
Elongation
46
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47
Comment
48
Termination
49
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50
Final Product
51
Modifications of RNA
52
5' Cap
53
Poly-A Tail
54
Comment
55
RNA Splicing
56
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57
Introns
58
Exons
59
Spliceosome
60
snRNA
61
snRNPs
62
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63
Result
64
Ribozymes
65
Introns - Function
66
Final RNA Transcript
67
Alternative Splicing
68
Another Example
69
  • Bcl-XL inhibits apoptosis
  • Bcl-XS induces apoptosis
  • Two different and opposite effects!!

70
DSCAM Gene
71
Commentary
  • Alternative Splicing is going to be a BIG topic
    in Biology.
  • About 60 of genes are estimated to have
    alternative splicing sites.
  • One gene does not equal one polypeptide.

72
Translation
73
Materials Required
74
Transfer RNA tRNA
75
Structure of tRNA
76
(No Transcript)
77
Anticodon
78
Example
79
Comment
80
Importance
81
Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
82
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83
Ribosomes
84
Large subunit
Proteins
rRNA
85
Both sununits
86
Large Subunit
87
(No Transcript)
88
Translation Steps
89
Initiation
90
Initiation Steps
91
(No Transcript)
92
Initiation
93
Elongation Steps
94
Codon Recognition
95
(No Transcript)
96
Peptide Bond Formation
97
After bond formation
98
(No Transcript)
99
Translocation
100
(No Transcript)
101
Comment
  • Elongation takes 60 milliseconds for each AA
    added.

102
Termination
103
(No Transcript)
104
Polyribosomes
105
(No Transcript)
106
Prokaryotes
107
Comment
  • Polypeptide usually needs to be modified before
    it becomes functional.

108
Examples
109
Signal Hypothesis
110
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111
Result
  • Protein is made directly into the ER .
  • Protein targeted to desired location (e.g.
    secreted protein).
  • Clue (the first 20 AAs are removed by
    processing).

112
Mutations
113
Mutation types - Cells
114
Point or Spot Mutations
115
Types of Point Mutations
116
(No Transcript)
117
Base-Pair Substitution
118
Sickle Cell Anemia
119
Types of Substitutions
120
(No Transcript)
121
Question?
  • What will the "Wobble" Effect have on Missense?

122
Missense Effect
123
Nonsense Effect
124
Sense Mutations
125
Insertions Deletions
126
Frame Shift
127
Question?
  • Loss of 3 nucleotides is often not a problem.
  • Why?

128
Mutagenesis
129
Spontaneous Mutations
130
Mutagens
131
Comment
  • Any material that can chemically bond to DNA,
    or is chemically similar to the nitrogen bases,
    will often be a very strong mutagen.

132
Summary
  • Know Beadle and Tatum.
  • Know the central dogma.
  • Be able to read the genetic code.
  • Be able to describe the events of transcription
    and translation.

133
Summary
  • Be able to discuss RNA and protein processing.
  • Be able to describe and discuss DNA mutations.

134
Commentary
  • Beadle and Tatums work is currently being upset.
  • One gene may give many polypeptides through a
    process called Alternate Splicing.
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