Colonization%20of%20Africa

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Colonization of Africa

• 19th Century

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(No Transcript)
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Colonialism

• Colonialism is forced control of one nation by
  another nation.
• Beginning in the early 19th Century, Europeans
  aggressively tried to establish colonies in
  Africa.
• Colony is when a nation establishes a government
  under its rule in a foreign territory.
• Imperialism is empire building. Expansion occurs
  when one state is more powerful than are the
  obstacles to expansion. European civilization
  experienced a period of unprecedented rapid
  expansion around the globe during the last third
  of the nineteenth century.

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Reasons for Colonialism

• Despite Europeans involvement in the Slave Trade
  Europeans usually relied on Africans to trade
  slaves instead of colonizing the continent.
• By the 1880s every major nation in the world had
  abolished the institution of slavery.
• Europeans found a new interest in Africa.
• Africa is a continent of vast wealth.

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Positive EuropeanReasons for Colonialism

• Colonies provided Europe with strategic military
  and economic advantages.
• Europe received minerals and other natural
  resources (diamonds, gold, cotton, ivory, and
  other natural resources) which fed the Industrial
  Revolution
• Europeans had access to cheap labor
• Open up new trading markets for European goods.
• Spread Christianity throughout the continent.

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Negative

• European powers had to fight against rebellions.
• Colonial rule in many places, especially the
  Congo, was morally nauseating (sickening).

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European Powers involved in Colonization

• Belgium
• King Leopold II claimed much of the African
  Congo.
• African Congo became best known for their rubber
  plantations and ivory.
• East Africa

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Berlin Conference (1884)

• Berlin Conference in 1884 led by Otto Von
  Bismarck, German Chancellor
• Series of Meetings in Berlin, Germany, held by
  European nations, Africas rulers not in
  attendance.
• Met to discuss how to divide Africas land.
• 10 of the Europeans already controlled.
• By the end of Colonialism most of Africa was
  under its control.

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What type of Political boundaries existed before
the Berlin Conference in 1885?
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Political Boundaries after Berlin Conference.
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South Africa

• Mid-1600s, the Dutch established a small colony
  at the Cape of Good Hope (southernmost tip of
  Africa).
• to serve as a trading post for ships on their
  way to Asia.
• The Cape grew into a large colony, Dutch
  government began awarding Dutch settlers
  territories occupied by the native Africans.
• In 1795 the Dutch Monarch invited Great Britain
  to take over South Africa.

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South Africa

• Exacerbated tensions between British colonists
  and Afrikaners (white colonists of Dutch
  descent).
• The British and Afrikaners, however, oppressed
  the black Africans.
• Gold and Diamonds discovered in South Africa, led
  to violent conflicts between both groups.
• From 1899 1902 they fought one another in the
  Boer War.
• Both groups used black Africans.
• Many blacks and Afrikaners died in British
  concentration camps and suffered due to Britain's
  scorched earth warfare.

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Boer War

• Scorched earth tactics caused devastation and
  starvation among much of the black population as
  well.
• Britain's brutal tactics still remain a source of
  resentment between Afrikaners and
  English-speaking whites in South Africa.

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Boer War
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The British implementing the scorched earth
policy - Boer warThe British found themselves at
a disadvantage, due to the size of the territory,
lack of familiarity with the terrain and the
mobility and skills of the "Boers". In an effort
to bring the war to an end, the British responded
with a scorched-earth policy. This included
burning down the farms and homes of the "Boers",
and putting their women and children in
concentration camps. Some 26,000 "Boer" women and
children and 14,000 black and colored people were
to die in appalling conditions.
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Impact of Colonial Period/ Partitioning of
AfricaNegative Impacts

• African tribes lost control of their own
  countries.
• Land was confiscated for farms for the European
  colonies.
• Wars, revolts, and protests were common.
• Starvation and disease became widespread.
• Africans often forced into labor.
• NEW BORDERS were drawn that separated families
  and tribes.
• Conflicts broke out between tribes that were once
  friendly.

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Impact of ColonialismPositive Effects

• Schools and hospitals built.
• Economy was improved by new governments.
• Roads and railroads were built.
• Health was improved (Health systems, etc)
• Berlin Conference set a specific date for the end
  of the slave trade.
• New technology elevated the standard of living.

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Nationalist Movements

• Nationalism strong pride in ones country desire
  for self-government.
• Nationalist movements are movements that seek
  independence for the people living in the
  country.
• By the 20th Century, European countries had
  colonized almost all of Africa. Only independent
  countries were Liberia and Ethiopia.
• Africans want to control their own countries and
  natural resources, thus giving birth to
  Nationalist Movement

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Nationalist Movements

• Nigeria
• Is home to many different ethnic groups. After
  the Berlin Conference Great Britain was given
  control of Nigeria.
• The British separated Nigeria into TWO colonies.
• Many ethnic groups were opposed to being part of
  the same country .
• These divisions between ethnic groups led to
  different treatment by Brits.
• By the 1940s, Nigerians started many groups to
  fight British rule.
• Many Nigerians admired the British because of
  their education in England.
• However, most believed that the only way for
  Nigerians to have rights was to be free of
  European rule.

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Nigeria (This slide is not on your notes, copy
what is in red)

• These groups pushing for independence became
  political parties that worked for Nigerian
  independence.
• By late 1940s and 50s, the British let Nigerians
  elect their own government.
• They elected Abubkar Tafawa Balewa as their Prime
  Minister in 1957.
• On October 1, 1960 Nigeria was granted its
  independence.

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Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
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Kenya Nationalist Movement

• Many Kenyans throughout British rule believed
  that their land was taken unfairly.
• In opposition to British rule they organized a
  group known as the Mau Mau (1952-1960).
• Mau Mau a secret organization that believed the
  only way to win Kenyan rights and independence
  was through the use of force.
• In 1954 the British mostly defeated the Mau Mau,
  however violence between the two groups continued
  until 1960.
• Thousands of people were killed during fighting,
  only about 100 were European.

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Kenya

• Eventually, overwhelming Kenyan support for the
  Mau Mau led the British to grant Kenya its
  independence.
• In 1963 the British helped Kenyans hold
  democratic elections, they elected Jomo Kenyatta
  president.
• Kenya was once again free from foreign rule.

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Jomo Kenyatta
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South Africa

• South Africas path to independence.
• In 1948, Afrikaners defeated English-speaking
  whites to win control of South Africas
  government.
• Afrikaners established Apartheid is an
  Afrikaans word meaning separateness an official
  policy of racial discrimination.
• Apartheid stripped black Africans of the few
  rights they enjoyed and required segregation.
• Separation was based on race.

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Homelands

• Established homelands for blacks Homelands
  were poor, crowded areas far away from the
  cities.
• Homelands often did not have running water and
  electricity.
• Black South Africans could only leave their
  homeland if they were going to work for a white
  person.
• Blacks forced to carry passes at all times or
  else could result in imprisonment.

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African National Congress (ANC)

• Founded in 1912, goal was to unite people of all
  races to fight for rights and freedoms.
• Nelson Mandela in 1944 founded the ANC Youth
  League.
• Purpose was to raise up a new generation to fight
  against racism and apartheid.
• Nelson Mandela became the leader of the ANC in
  1961. Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist.

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F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela

• Mandela, leader of the ANC was arrested on August
  5, 1962. He was imprisoned for 27 years until he
  was granted his release in 1990 by F. W. de
  Klerk.