Emergence of World Patterns

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Emergence of World Patterns

• AGE OF EXPLORATION
• European Hegemony

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Global Hegemony

• Portuguese 16th Century
• Spain 17th Century
• Dutch 18th Century
• English 19th Century
• American 20th Century
• ?????? 21st Century

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Concepts

• Capitalism
• Caravel
• Columbian Exchange
• Factor
• Northwest Passage

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Essential Questions

• How and why was European hegemony the outcome of
  exploration?
• Why did the Europeans invest so much in
  exploration?
• What was the global impact of the biological
  diffusion of the era?
• What was the political and economic impact of the
  Age of Exploration?
• How are present day global relations impacted by
  the Age of Exploration?

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Motivations for Exploration

• Lure of trade Gold
• Riches of the East w/o Muslim Venetian
  intermediaries
• Religious diffusion God
• New Testament urged
• Replace Crusades
• Glory
• Seekers of wealth and renown

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Exploration
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Exploration Time Line
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Advances in Technology

• Muslims
• Lateen sails
• Astrolabe
• China
• Magnetic compass
• Multiple masts
• Stem-post reticulated rudder

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Technology
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Chinese Treasure Ships
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Portuguese Exploration

• Prince Henry the Navigator
• School of geography and navigation
• Bartolomeu Dias
• Cape of Good Hope 1488
• Vasco de Gamma
• Calcut, India 1497
• Admiral Albuquerque
• Hormuz 1508 Goa 1510
• Melaka 1511

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Portuguese
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Bartolomeo Dias
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Vasco de Gamma
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Admiral Albuquerque
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Spanish Exploration

• Christoforo Colombo
• Paved way for conquest, settlement, exploration
• Hernan Cortez
• Conquered Aztecs
• Francisco Pizarro
• Conquered Inca
• Ferdinand Magellan
• Circumnavigated the earth

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Columbus
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Hernan Cortez
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Pizarro
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Magellan
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Spanish Conquest

• Conquistadores
• Spanish soldiers of
  fortune
• Encomienda
• Forced labor gt
  Native Americans
  slavery
• De las Casas
• Expose of Spanish
  cruelty

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Spain
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Rivalries

• Spanish Portuguese
• Rivals over South America
• Settled by Pope
• TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
• Portugal gets Brazil
• Spain gets the rest

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Treaty of Tordesillas
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The Competition

• England
• English East India Company
• Dutch
• United East India Company
• Successful
• Faster, cheaper, more powerful ships
• Private enterprise with government support

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United East IndiaCompany Dutch
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Dutch Colonial Influences
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East India Company English
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Conquest of S.E. Asia

• Spain
• Legazpi gt
• Philippines
• Dutch
• Jan Pierterzoon Coen
• Batavia
• English
• Captain James Cook
• Australia Pacific Islands

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Conquest S.E. Asia
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Commercial Rivalries

• Competition in S.E. Asia
• Dutch expel Portuguese
• Seven Years War Global conflict
• England Prussia vs. France,
  Austria, Russia
• British French over North America
• Caribbean control
• France Spain limit British expansion

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Treaty of Paris 1763
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Columbian Exchange

• Biological exchange
• Global diffusion of plants, animals, human
  populations, and disease pathogens
• Impact on populations encountered
• Epidemics smallpox, measles, diphtheria,
  whooping cough, and influenza
• B/w 1500-1800 100M people died of imported
  diseases

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Columbian Exchange

• Impact on European populations
• Huge population increase
• World population increase
• 425 M 1500 to 900M 1800
• Migrations
• African slaves largest migration
• Origins of global trade
• European merchants genuine global trade

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Columbian
Exchange
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African Diaspora
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Demographics of
Diaspora
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Patterns of Global Trade

• European trade privileges
• Proto-spheres of interest
• Russia
• European shipping companies established agencies
  for trade in Moscow St. Petersburg
• Enjoyed commercial privileges

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Enduring Questions

• How can we measure the impact of the Age of
  Exploration on the process of globalization and
  the dominance of the West?
• Identify the West in terms of modern times.