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Chapter 2 Basic Exercise Science

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Title: The Kinetic Chain Author: Rodney Corn Last modified by: Eddie Lester Created Date: 10/5/2001 6:32:31 PM Document presentation format: On-screen Show (4:3) – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 2 Basic Exercise Science


1
Chapter 2 Basic Exercise Science
2
Objectives
  • After this presentation, the participant will be
    able to explain the basic structure and function
    of
  • The nervous system
  • The skeletal system
  • The muscular system
  • The endocrine system
  • Describe how these systems respond and adapt to
    exercise

3
Introduction
  • Human Movement System
  • Movement is accomplished through the functional
    integration of three systems, the nervous,
    skeletal, and muscular systems.
  • These systems work in concert to produce human
    movement.
  • All components must work together to produce
    sound movement if one component is not working
    well it will affect the others and cause Kinetic
    Chain impairments.

4
Kinetic Chain
  • The Kinetic Chain
  • Kinetic means force or motion.
  • Chain refers to a system that is linked together
    or connected.
  • All components work together to manipulate human
    motion.
  • If one component of the kinetic chain is not
    working properly, it will affect the others and
    ultimately affect the movement.

5
The Nervous System
  • The Nervous System is one of the main organ
    systems of the body and contains specialized
    cells that transmit and coordinate signals,
    providing a communication network within the
    body.
  • The nervous system is comprised of two main
    components
  • The Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of
    the brain and spinal cord
  • The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is the nerves
    that communicate with the CNS

6
The Nervous System
  • The nervous system is a communication network
    within the human body.
  • It allows us to gather information about our
    internal and external environments, process and
    interpret the information, and respond.
  • Three primary functions
  • Sensory
  • Integrative
  • Motor

7
The Nervous System
  • Sensory
  • The ability of the nervous system to sense
    changes in either the internal or external
    environment.
  • Integrative
  • The ability of the nervous system to analyze and
    interpret the sensory information to allow for
    proper decision making, producing the appropriate
    response.
  • Motor
  • The neuromuscular response to the sensory
    information.

8
Proprioception
  • Is the bodys ability to sense the relative
    position of adjacent parts of the body. On the
    test they will define proprioception as the
    cumulative neural input from all sensory
    afferents to the Central Nervous System. Training
    the bodys proprioceptive abilities will improve
    balance, coordination, and posture, and enable
    the body to adapt to its surroundings without
    consciously thinking about movement.
  • It is important to train the nervous system
    efficiently to ensure proper movement patterns
    which can enhance performance and decrease the
    risk of injury.

9
The Nervous System
  • Movement is a response to our sensory information
    and is therefore dictated by the nervous system.
  • This reflects the importance of training in a
    multisensory environment using different balance
    tools, ex. Bosu ball, Balance pad, Dyna Disc
  • The most effective way to create positive
    long-term results in a client is to directly
    affect (properly train) his or her nervous system.

10
The Neuron
  • The functional unit of the nervous system is
    known as the neuron.
  • Neurons are composed of three main parts
  • Cell body
  • Includes cell structures like (nucleus,
    mitochondria, lysosomes, and Golgi complex)
  • Axon
  • Provides communication from the brain or spinal
    cord to other parts of the body
  • Dendrites
  • Responsible for gathering information from other
    structures of the body

11
The Neuron
  • There are three main functional classifications
    of neurons determined by the direction of their
    nerve impulses
  • Sensory
  • Transmits afferent nerve impulses from receptors
    to the brain or spinal cord
  • Motor
  • Transmits efferent nerve impulses from the brain
    or spinal cord to the effector sites such as
    muscles or organs
  • Interneuron
  • Transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to
    another

12
Central Nervous System
  • Consists of the brain and the spinal cord

13
Peripheral Nervous System
  • Contains 12 cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal
    nerves, that branch out from the brain and spinal
    cord, as well as all sensory receptors.
  • Function
  • Provide a connection for the nervous system to
    activate different bodily organs, such as muscles
    (motor information).
  • Relay information from the bodily organs back to
    the brain, providing a constant update of the
    relation between the body and the environment
    (sensory information).

14
Peripheral Nervous System
  • Two further subdivisions of the PNS include the
    somatic and autonomic nervous systems
  • The somatic nervous system consists of nerves
    that serve the outer areas of the body and
    skeletal muscle, and are responsible for the
    voluntary control of movement.
  • The autonomic nervous system supplies neural
    input to the involuntary systems of the body
  • The autonomic system is further dived into the
    sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
    The sympathetic nervous system initiates the
    Fight or Flight response while the
    parasympathetic initiates the Rest and Digest.

15
Sensory Receptors
  • Specialized structures located throughout the
    body are designed to transform environmental
    stimuli (heat, light, sound, taste, motion) into
    sensory information that the brain or spinal cord
    can interpret to produce a response.
  • Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical forces
    (touch and pressure).
  • Nociceptors respond to pain (pain receptors).
  • Chemoreceptors respond to chemical interaction
    (smell and taste).
  • Photoreceptors respond to light (vision).
  • For relevance to this course, we will focus
    attention on the mechanoreceptors.

16
Mechanoreceptors
  • Muscle Spindle
  • Sensitive to change in length and rate of length
    change in muscle.
  • Golgi Tendon Organ
  • Sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate
    of tension change.
  • Joint Receptors
  • Respond to pressure, acceleration, and
    deceleration of the joint.

17
The Skeletal System
  • Framework for our structure and movement
  • Resting ground for the muscles of our body
  • Bones form junctions that are connected by
    muscles and connective tissue known as joints

18
Divisions of the Skeletal System
  • Axial Skeleton
  • Skull
  • Rib cage
  • Vertebral column
  • Appendicular Skeleton
  • Upper and lower extremities
  • Shoulder and pelvic girdles

19
Bone Growth
  • Bones under go remodeling throughout life cycle
  • Osteoclasts break down old bone tissue
  • Osteoblasts build up new bone tissue
  • Remodeling is the constant process of these cells
  • As children Osteoblasts are more active, as we
    age Osteoclasts become more active

20
Types of Bones
  • Long
  • Long cylindrical shaft and irregular or widened
    ends
  • Epiphysis ends of long bones
  • Diaphysis shaft of long bones main production of
    red blood cells (RBCs)
  • Epiphyseal plate is where bone growth (length)
    occurs

21
Types of Bones
  • Short
  • Similar in length and width and appear somewhat
    cubical in shape

22
Types of Bones
  • Flat
  • Thin, protective

23
Types of Bones
  • Irregular
  • Unique shape and function

24
Vertebral Column
  • Vertebral column A series of irregularly shaped
    bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal
    cord.
  • Cervical has 7 (concave curve)
  • Thoracic has 12 (convex curve)
  • Lumbar has 5 (concave curve)
  • Sacrum is fused triangle attached to pelvis
  • Coccyx is tail bone

25
Joints
  • One bone that articulates with another bone
  • Joint motion is referred to as arthrokinematics
  • Typical joint motions seen in the human articular
    system
  • Roll Rolling on joint surface on another
  • Femoral condyles rolling over the tibial condyles
    during a squat
  • Slide Sliding of a joint surface across another
  • Tibial condyles moving (sliding) across the
    femoral condyles during a knee extension
  • Spin Rotation of one joint surface on another
  • Head of the radius rotating on the end of the
    humerus during pronation and supination of the
    forearm

26
Function of Joints
  • Provide the bones a means to be manipulated,
    allowing for movement throughout segments of the
    body
  • Provide stability, allowing for movement to take
    place without unwanted movement
  • All joints in the human body are linked together
  • Movement of one joint will directly affect the
    motion of others

27
Joint Connective Tissue
  • Ligaments connect bone to bone and provide static
    and dynamic stability as well as proprioception.
  • Characterized by poor vascularity and do not
    repair or adapt as easily as other tissues in the
    body

28
Weight Bearing Exercise
  • Weight bearing exercise-exercise that forces the
    body to work against gravity
  • Running, lifting weights, calisthenics are weight
    bearing
  • Swimming and cycling are not
  • Help build and maintain bones, muscles, and
    connective tissues, burns lots of calories

29
The Muscular System
  • Muscles generate internal tension that, under the
    control of the nervous system, manipulates the
    bones of our body to produce movement.
  • The Muscular System also is needed to stabilize
    and complete the cycle of movement production.

30
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
  • Muscle is the compilation of many individual
    muscle fibers neatly wrapped together with
    connective tissue to form bundles.
  • The first bundle is the actual muscle itself,
    wrapped by an outer layer of connective tissue
    called fascia. The layer immediately surrounding
    the muscle is called epimysium.
  • The next bundle of muscle fiber is a fascicle
    that is wrapped by connective tissue called
    perimysium.
  • Each fascicle is made up of many individual
    muscle fibers that are wrapped by connective
    tissue called endomysium.
  • Each layer of connective tissue extends the
    length of the muscle, helping to form the tendon.

31
Connective Tissue
  • Tendons are the structures that attach muscles to
    bone and provide the anchor from which the muscle
    can exert force and control the bone and joint.
  • They have poor vascularity (blood supply), which
    leaves them susceptible to slower repair and
    adaptation.

32
Muscle Fibers (Cells)
  • Contain typical cell components
  • Cellular plasma called sarcoplasm (contains
    glycogen, fats, minerals, and oxygen-binding
    myoglobin)
  • Nuclei
  • Mitochondria (transform energy from food into
    energy for the cell)
  • Unlike typical cells, they also have structures
    called myofibrils.

33
Contractile Elements
  • Myofibrils contain myofilaments that are the
    actual contractile components of muscle tissue.
  • Actin
  • Myosin
  • Actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments form
    sections known as a sarcomere.
  • A sarcomere is the functional unit of the muscle,
    much like the neuron is for the nervous system.
  • It lies in the space between two Z lines. Each Z
    line denotes another sarcomere along the
    myofibril

34
Contractile Elements
  • Two protein structures that are also important to
    muscle contraction are tropomyosin and troponin.
  • Tropomyosin is located on the actin filament and
    blocks myosin binding sites located on the actin
    filament, keeping myosin from attaching to actin
    while the muscle is in a relaxed state.
  • Troponin, also located on the actin filament,
    plays a role in muscle contraction by providing
    binding sites for both calcium and tropomyosin
    when a muscle needs to contract.

Troponin
35
Generating Force in a Muscle
  • Neural Activation
  • Essential for a muscle to manipulate force for
    either movement or stabilization.
  • Generated by the communication between the
    nervous system and the muscular system or the
    motor unit.
  • Motor unit motor neuron and the muscle fibers
    with which it connects.

36
Neural Activation
  1. Electrical impulses are transported from the
    central nervous system down the axon of the
    neuron.
  2. When the impulse reaches the end of the axon
    (axon terminal), chemicals called
    neurotransmitters are released.
  3. Neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) cross the
    synapse between the neuron and muscle fiber,
    transporting the electrical impulse from the
    nerve to the muscle. The specific
    neurotransmitter that initiates muscular
    contraction is acetylcholine (ACh).
  4. ACh falls into receptor sites on the muscle
    fiber, specifically designed for its attachment.
  5. Once attached, ACh stimulates the muscle fibers
    to go through a series of steps that produce
    muscle contractions.
  6. Either a summation causes all motor fibers of a
    unit to fire or none, this is the all or nothing
    law

37
Sliding Filament Theory
  • The proposed process of how the contraction of
    the filaments within the sarcomere takes place.
  • A sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z lines
    moving closer together.
  • The Z lines converge as the result of myosin
    heads attaching to the actin filament and
    asynchronously pulling (power strokes) the actin
    filament across the myosin.

38
Muscle Fiber Types
  • Type I Slow Twitch
  • Higher in capillaries, mitochondria, and
    myoglobin
  • Increased oxygen delivery
  • Smaller in size
  • Produce less force
  • Slow to fatigue
  • Long-term contractions (stabilization)
  • Type II Fast Twitch
  • Lower in capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
  • Decreased oxygen delivery
  • Larger in size
  • Produce more force
  • Quick to fatigue
  • Short-term contractions (force and power)

39
Muscles as Movers
  • Agonist muscles act as prime movers
  • Gluteus maximus is an agonist for hip extension
  • Synergist muscles assist prime movers during
    movement
  • Hamstring and the erector spinae are synergistic
    with the gluteus maximus during hip extension
  • Stabilizer muscles support or stabilize the body
    while the prime movers and the synergists perform
    the movement patterns
  • Transversus abdominis, internal oblique, and
    multifidus stabilize the low back, pelvis, and
    hips during hip extension

40
Endocrine System
  • System of glands that secrete hormones that
    control bodily function
  • Consists of host organs, chemical messengers,
    target cells
  • Target cells bind specifically to hormones
  • Regulates body functions (growth, metabolism,
    response to stress)

41
Endocrine Glands
  • Primary glands of the endocrine system include
  • Pituitary master gland with anterior, posterior
    and intermediate globes, hypthalamus, thyroid and
    adrenal glands

42
Endocrine Glands
  • Pituitary- Master control gland has three lobes
  • Anterior- Secretes growth hormone, prolactin,
    ACTH (adrenal glands) TSH (Thyroid), FSH (sex
    organs) and LH (sex organs).
  • Intermediate lobe secretes MSH (skin)
  • Posterior lobe secretes ADH (fluid retention),
    oxytocin (childbirth),

43
Endocrine Glands
  • Thyroid gland-regulates metabolism
  • Adrenal glands-fight or flight hormones and
    inflammation (epinephrine adrenaline and
    norepinephrine
  • Testosterone is produced in testes and adrenal
    glands, men produce 10 times more than women

44
Blood Glucose Control
  • Control of blood glucose levels regulated by the
    pancreas to prevent wide swings in blood glucose
    levels
  • Insulin- brings glucose into cells from blood
    stream, results in net drop in blood sugar levels
  • Glucagon- Signals the liver and muscles to
    breakdown glycogen stores and release, results in
    net rise on blood sugar levels
  • Exercise improves bodies utilization of glucose

45
Hormones
  • Both produced by men and women
  • Testosterone-men produce 10 times more is
    produced in testes and adrenal glands, major
    anabolic agent
  • Estrogen-produced in ovaries and adrenal glands,
    women produce significantly more
  • Cortisol produced in adrenal is main catabolic
    agent
  • Growth Hormone-produced in pituitary major
    anabolic agent
  • Thyroid-Found in in neck, controls metabolism
  • Exercise can elevate all these hormones

46
Summary
  • The three components of the kinetic chain
    (nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems) all
    work together to produce movement.
  • The nervous system is composed of billions of
    neurons that transfer information throughout the
    body, through two interdependent systems the
    central nervous system and the peripheral nervous
    system.
  • The skeletal system is the bodys framework and
    is made up of bones and joints in two divisions
    axial and appendicular.
  • The muscular system is made up of many individual
    fibers attached to bones by way of the tendons.
    Muscles generate force through neural activation,
    sliding filament theory, and excitationcontractio
    n coupling.
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