Sentences:

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Sentences

• Sentences can be classified in many ways, and
  its helpful to consider the potential effect a
  particular type of sentence might have on a
  reader in a certain situation.
• Simple Sentence
• Has a single independent clause.
• Abraham Lincoln struggled to save the Union.
• Within its single clause, a simple sentence can
  have a compound subject, and compound verb, or
  both.
• Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson struggled to
  save the Union.
• Abraham Lincoln struggled to save the Union and
  persevered.

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Sentences

• Compound Sentence
• Has two clauses, each of which could exist as a
  simple sentence if you removed the conjunction
  connecting them.
• Abraham Lincoln struggled to save the Union, and
  Andrew Johnson assisted him.
• Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson struggled to
  save the Union and persevered, but the leaders of
  the Confederacy insisted that the rights of the
  states were more important than the maintenance
  of the Union.
• Complex Sentence
• Has two clauses, one independent and at least one
  subordinate to the main clause.
• When the leaders of the Confederacy insisted that
  the rights of the states were more important than
  the maintenance of the Union, Abraham Lincoln and
  Andrew Johnson struggled to save the Union and
  persevered.

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Sentences

• Compound-complex
• Has the defining features of both a compound
  sentence and a complex sentence.
• When the leaders of the Confederacy insisted that
  the rights of the states were more important than
  the maintenance of the Union, Abraham Lincoln
  struggled to save the Union and persevered, and
  Andrew Johnson assisted him.
• Why should you be concerned with whether a
  sentence is simple, compound, complex, or
  compound-complex when you are analyzing someone
  elses writing or planning your own?

4
Sentences

• Function grows out of form.
• When you need to make a succinct point, often a
  short, simple sentence will do so effectively. A
  short, simple sentence can suggest to a reader
  that you are in control, that you want to make a
  strong point.
• Why might you use a compound sentence in your
  writing?
• If you are trying to show how ideas are balanced
  and related in terms of equal importance, a
  compound sentence can convey that to the reader.
• Several compound sentences in a row can tell the
  reader that you are the kind of person who takes
  a balanced view of challenging issues.

5
Sentences

• If you want to show more complicated
  relationships between ideas, then complex and
  compound-complex sentences can communicate the
  intricacies of your thinking.

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Sentences

• A second method of analyzing sentences looks at
  them in terms of another important structural
  distinction Loose sentences or Periodic
  Sentences.
• Sentences vary along the loose-periodic continuum
  according to how they incorporate extra details
  in relation to basic sentence elements.
• Here is a sentence with just two basic elements
• Abraham Lincoln wept.
• A loose sentence is a basic sentence with details
  added immediately at the end of the basic
  sentence elements.

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Sentences

• Loose sentence
• Abraham Lincoln wept, fearing that the Union
  would not survive if the southern states seceded.
  
• Abraham Lincoln wept (basic elements), fearing
  that the Union would not survive if the southern
  states seceded (added details).

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Sentences

• Periodic Sentence A sentence in which additional
  details are placed in one of two positions,
  either before the basic sentence elements or in
  the middle of them.
• Period sentence in which details are placed
  before the basic sentence elements
• Alone in his study, lost in somber thoughts about
  his beloved country, dejected but not broken in
  spirit, Abraham Lincoln wept.

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Sentences

• Here is a periodic sentence that results from
  placing additional material in the middle fo the
  basic sentence elements
• Abraham Lincoln, alone in his study, lost in
  somber thoughts about his beloved country,
  dejected but not broken in spirit, wept.

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Sentences

• You can achieve sentence variety by writing
  sentences that move along a loose-periodic
  continuum.
• This sentence tends towards which one? Loose or
  Periodic?
• Abraham Lincoln considered the Union an
  inviolable, almost eternally inspired, concept.
• This one tends towards loose.

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Sentences

• You can achieve sentence variety by writing
  sentences that move along a loose-periodic
  continuum.
• This sentence tends towards which one? Loose or
  Periodic?
• Abraham Lincoln, a self-taught philosopher, a
  political scientist even before there was such a
  field, considered the Union an inviolable, almost
  eternally inspired, concept.
• This one tends towards periodic. Details are in
  the middle of the basic elements.

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Sentences

• Writers use loose and periodic sentences to
  effect changes in meaning. Readers use them to
  understand meaning more clearly. Recognizing and
  creating loose and periodic sentences enable the
  reader and the writer to make wise decisions
  about varying sentence structure for emphasis.
• The structure of the sentence also affects the
  pacing of a text. A loose sentence moves quickly,
  and a periodic sentence works with delay.

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Which is is Loose or Periodic? Read the sentence
from Booker T. Washingtons Up From Slavery.

• In order to defend and protect the women and
  children who were left on the plantation when the
  white males went to war, the slaves would lay
  down their lives.
• Periodic
• Rewrite this sentence in a couple ways, making it
  more loose and more periodic. How do the changes
  affect the tone, purpose, and the ethos of the
  speaker?