Schistosomiasis

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Schistosomiasis

• Austin Chambers
• November 25, 2008

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Geographical Distribution
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Geographical Distribution

• Present in 74 countries
• Over 200 million people have been affected

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Geographical Distribution

• S. mansoni is found in South America, Africa, and
  the Middle East

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Geographical Distribution

• S. mansoni is found in South America, Africa, and
  the Middle East
• S. haematobium is found in Africa and the Middle
  East

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Geographical Distribution

• S. mansoni is found in South America, Africa, and
  the Middle East
• S. haematobium is found in Africa and the Middle
  East
• S. japonicum is found in East Asia

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Epidemiology

• S. mansoni causes intestinal schistosomiasis
• S. haematobium causes urinary schistosomiasis
• S. japonicum causes Asian intestinal
  schistosomiasis

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Epidemiology

• Infections come from swimming in bodies of water
  inhabited by infected snails

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Clinical Features

• Chronic schistosomiasis can have mild symptoms

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Clinical Features

• Acute Schistosomiasis
• More serious symptoms

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Clinical Features

• Rare central nervous system lesions can occur

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Clinical Features

• Spread of infection can harm vital organs
• Can lead to death

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Laboratory Diagnosis

• Stool Exam
• Used for S. mansoni and S. japonicum

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Laboratory Diagnosis

• Urine Exam
• Useful for S. japonicum and S. haematobium
  infections

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Laboratory Diagnosis

• Alternate methods of diagnosis

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Laboratory Diagnosis

• Alternate methods of diagnosis
• Rectal tissue biopsy

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Laboratory Diagnosis

• Alternate methods of diagnosis
• Rectal tissue biopsy
• Antibody detection

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Treatment

• Drug Treatments

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Treatment

• Drug Treatments
• Single oral dose of praziquantel taken annually
  with castor oil

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Treatment

• Drug Treatments
• Antimony kills the parasite by bonding to an
  enzyme

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Treatment

• WHO treatment guidelines

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Treatment

• WHO treatment guidelines
• gt50 of children infected, everyone receives
  treatment

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Treatment

• WHO treatment guidelines
• gt50 of children infected, everyone receives
  treatment
• 20ltlt50 of children infected, school-age
  children receive treatment

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Treatment

• WHO treatment guidelines
• gt50 of children infected, everyone receives
  treatment
• 20ltlt50 of children infected, school-age
  children receive treatment
• lt20 of children infected, no mass treatment

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Treatment

• Researchers are searching for a vaccine that
  would interrupt the life cycle

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Prevention and Hygiene

• Avoiding Snails

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Prevention and Hygiene

• Avoiding Snails
• Acrolein, copper sulfate, and niclosamide can
  kill snail populations

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Prevention and Hygiene

• Through design

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Prevention and Hygiene

• Through design
• Modern dams have eliminated the chance for snails
  to inhabit the water source

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Sources

• http//www1.imperial.ac.uk/resources/1D284649-6FCD
  -4C72-B991-DBE9A991F202/
• http//www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2
  006/Schistosomiasis/schistomap.gif
• http//users.aber.ac.uk/jvh/Web/biomphalaria20ell
  iptical.jpg
• http//www.universityscience.ie/imgs/scientists/sh
  istosomiasis.gif
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageSchistosomiasis
  _Life_Cycle.jpeg
• http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27
  /Schistosomiasis_itch.jpeg
• http//www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-06/1
  4/xin_2306011411306741408522.jpg
• http//www.scielo.br/img/revistas/anp/v62n2b/a32fi
  g01.gif
• http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06
  /Schistosoma_japonicum_(3)_histopathology.JPG
• http//aapredbook.aappublications.org/week/118_01.
  jpg
• http//www.rapunzelsdelight.com/images/parasites/S
  chistosomiasis_liverW.jpg
• http//www.malacsoc.org.uk/The_Malacologist/BULL45
  /images/stot2.jpg
• http//www.mythnlynx.com/images/antimony1.jpg
• http//www.radiobridge.net/www/work/shis04.jpg
• http//www.fao.org/docrep/005/ad002e/AD002E01.gif
• http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7
  /Acrolein-2D.png
• http//www.essenagrochem.com/img/Niclosamide-olami
  ne-30--SC-1420-04-8-big.jpg
• http//www.cartercenter.org/images/schistohome1.jp
  g
• http//www.iczn.org/Images/Schistosomiasis.jpg