BEAMS:

1
(No Transcript)
2
BEAMS

• Beams are structural members that can carry
  transverse loads which produce bending moments
  shear force.
• Girders Main load carrying members into which
  floor beams frame.
• Joists Members used to carry roofing floor
  buildings.
• Lintels beam members used to carry wall loads
  over wall openings.
• Spandrels Exterior beams at the floor level used
  to carry part of floor load and the load due to
  exterior walls.

3
Contd.,

• BEAMS
• Beams can be of steel, concrete, timber, etc..
• Concrete beam are weak in tension needs to be
  strengthened to take up the tension induced in
  the bottom fibers.
• Beam loading consists of dead live loads.
• When span is small external load is light, the
  beam weight may be quite small.

4
TYPES OF LOADS
5
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
6
STEEL GIRDER AND ITS APPLICATION
7
JOISTS
8
SPANDRELS
9
COLUMNS

• Columns are structural elements used primarily to
  support compressive loads. Other names are struts
  or braces.
• Failure depends on the length of the member
  compared to its crosssectional dimensions.
• ? If Leff / a 12,(it is a short column)
• ? If Leff / a 12,(it is a long column)
• Leff - effective length of column.
• a least lateral dimensions of column.

10
Contd.,
Reinforced concrete columns are of square,
rectangular or circular cross sections. The load
carrying capacity of the column depends on the
strength of the concrete and steel. If
percentage of steel used is very high then
concrete fails first.
11
SHORT COLUMN AND LONG COLUMN
12
LINTELS

• ? A lintel is a horizontal member which is placed
  across an opening to support the portion of the
  structure above it.
• ? The function of a lintel is same as that of a
  beam.
• WOOD LINTEL
• ? A single piece or three pieces bolted together
  can be used as a lintel.
• ? A bearing of 150 200 mm should be provided on
  the wall and it
• should be placed on mortar.
• ? The width is equal to the thickness of the
  opening and the depth should
• be about 1/12 to 1/8 of span.

13
Contd,

• STONE LINTEL
• Slabs of stones are placed across the openings.
• If stones are used as lintels, relieving arches
  are to be provided.
• Depth of stone lintel should be at least 1mm per
  1cm length of the opening.
• BRICK LINTEL
• A temporary wood support known as turning piece
  is used to construct a brick lintel
• The depth of lintel must be some multiple of
  brick courses.
• Brick lintel is weak

14

• STEEL LINTEL
• This consists of steel angles or rolled steel
  joists.
• The former is used for small spans and the later
  for large spans.
• RCC LINTEL
• RCC lintels are fire proof, durable, strong and
  easy to construct.
• The mix ratio is 124.
• PCC lintels can be used up to a span of 800mm.
• Sunshades can be easily projected from the
  lintels.
• Flexible DPC must be provided and the toe of the
  lintel must be strong.

15
LINTELS
16
Mind map