Voyage within a Cell 14 min review

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Introduction to the Cell video (3 min)

• Chapter 7
• Voyage within a Cell 14 min review

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History of Cells video clip 1 video clip 2

• Discovery of cells made possible with the
  discovery of the microscope
• Def smallest unit of matter that can carry on
  all the processes of life

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Discovery of the Cell (made possible by the
discovery of scope

• 1665 - Hooke - Discovered and named the cell
  observed cork called them tiny rooms
• 1673 Leewenhoek - First to see living cells
  (microscopic organisms)

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Discovery of the Cell

• 1824 Dutrochet
• - Plants and Animals are made of cells
• 1831 - Brown
• Discovered the nucleus
• 1835 - Dujardin
• Discovered protoplasm
• 1838 - Schleiden (botanist)
• Hypothesized all plants were made of cells

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Discovery of the Cell

• 1839 - Schwann (zoologist)
• Hypothesized all animals are made of cells
• 1855 - Virchow
• All cells come from other cells
• Discovered that the nucleus controls the cell

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Cell Theory

• 1. All living things are composed of cells
• 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and
  function in all living things
• organelles Cell Tissue
  Organs
• Organ System Organism
• 3. Cells come from reproduction of existing
  cells

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Types of Cells

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular and unicellular
• Nucleus present
• Membrane bound organelles
• Ex animals, plants, fungus, algae

• Prokaryotic
• Unicellular
• No nucleus
• No membrane
• bound organelles
• Most numerous of
• living things
• Ex bacteria, protista

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Cell Shape

• The shape of the cell (form) reflects its
  function.
• Ex Nerve cell are long strands for sending
  chemical messages throughout the body.
• Ex Blood cells are circular and pliable to get
  through the blood vessels.

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Cell Shape- Skin Deep

• Skin Deep

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Cell Size

• 10-50 um (micrometers)
• Limited by its surface area to volume ratio

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Lipid bilayer

• Contain a phosphate head that is polar and
  soluble in water
• Has a fatty acid tail that is nonpolar and
  insoluble in water

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Parts of the Cell

• Cell (Plasma) Membrane
• Semipermeable - keeps some molecules out, but
  lets others through (controls what enters and
  leaves cell
• Made of a lipid bilayer
• Has protein channels that aid with the movement
  of nutrients, water, oxygen into the cell and
  waste and CO2 out of the cell
• Have carbohydrate chains which are chemical
  recognition sites and interact with each other

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Fluid Mosaic Model

• Fluid Membrane bilayer acts as liquid (lipids
  and proteins move within bilayer)
• Mosaic made of several different components
• Exs nuclei, vacuoles, mitochondria, and
  chloroplast

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Cytoplasm

• contains water and salts
• between cell membrane and the nucleus
• Site of chemical reactions

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Nucleus and Nucleolus

• Nucleus directs all activity of the cell such as
  cell growth, protein synthesis, cell division
• Nucleolus is a dark dot in the nucleus makes
  ribosomes and stores proteins and RNA

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Nuclear Envelope or Nuclear Membrane

• Double membrane where substances enter and leave
  through pores (nuclear pores)

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Cell Wall

• Located outside cell membrane, has pores
• Supports and protects plant
• Made of cellulose
• Nonliving
• Plants, fungus, bacteria

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Vacuole

• Large fluid filled membranous sac
• Stores , enzymes, metabolic wastes
• Pressure of water keeps plants from wilting

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Plastids

• Have 2 membranes
• Function- store energy in sugar molecule bonds
• Types

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Plastids (plants only)

• Chromoplast
• Pigments for red, orange, and yellow color fruit,
  flowers, leaves
• Chloroplasts
• Contain chlorophyll (green) trap sunlight for
  photosynthesis

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Leucoplast

• Found in plants
• Colorless
• Starch storage

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Ribosomes

• Make proteins and enzymes
• Found free floating in the cytoplasm and attached
  to the endoplasmic reticulum
• Has no membrane
• In Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• FUNCTIONS
• Makes protein and enzymes
• makes steroids (gland cells)
• regulates calcium levels in muscle
• breaks down toxic substances in
• the liver
• Rough ER - has ribosomes
• Smooth ER - has NO ribosomes
• stores what the RER makes

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Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Complex

• Add lipids or carbohydrates to proteins made by
  rough ER and ribosomes
• Golgi then package the finished proteins and
  transports them for export

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Lysosomes

• Small sacs of powerful digestive enzymes which
  cleans up cellular wastes by dissolving them
• Made by golgi

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Centrioles

• Rod shape structure
• Used during mitosis and is responsible for
  spindle formation and movement
• Animals only
• Made of microtubules

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Cytoskeleton

• Called microtubules
• Hollow tubes that support cells and move cells
• Maintains shape and size of cell
• Microfilaments protein fibers used to move
  organelles and used in muscle contractions

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Cilia/Flagella

• Hair like organelle for movement
• Cilia-many and short
• Flagella-few and long -tail like
• Made of microtubules

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Flagella and Cilia Movement
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Mitochondria

• Provide energy for the cell by converting glucose
  and oxygen into A.T.P.(energy molecule)
• Called the powerhouse of the cell
• Cristae increases surface area for chemical
  reactions

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Chromatin

• Fine strands
• Combination of DNA and protein
• Located in nucleus
• When tightly packed they are called chromosomes
• Stores heredity info

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Differences Between Plants and Animals

• Animals have centrioles, many small vacuoles,
• Plants have cell walls, large central vacuole,
  and chloroplasts

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Cell Action

• Harvard 3D animation