The Skeletal System and Identification of Skeletal Remains

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The Skeletal System and Identification of
Skeletal Remains

• Objective To learn how to determine sex and
  ethnicity using skeletal remains

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Brainpop

• Periosteum
• Marrow
• Ligaments
• Tendons
• Cartilage

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Function of Bones

1. Support and _______ internal ______
2. Give _________
3. Provide a place for __________
4. Store _________
5. Some bones produce ________

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A couple of things to ponder

• How do bones and muscles work together to make
  the body move?
• Why do babies have more bones in their bodies
  than adults?

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Structure of Long Bones

1. Periosteum-
2. Compact bone-
3. Spongy bone-

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Long Bones

1. What is the epiphyseal line?
2. What is the endosteum?
3. What is the function of articular cartilage?

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Haversian Canal

• What are the haversian canals?

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Bone Marrow

• Red marrow
• Found
• Function
• Yellow marrow-
• Found
• Function

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The Human Skeleton
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• The bones in green form the axial skeleton
• The bones in purple form the appendicular skeleton

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Commonly Asked Bone Questions

• How many sets of ribs do humans have?
• How many sets of ribs are connected to the
  sternum?
• Are human bones hollow?

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Summary Questions

1. What enables the periosteum to sense pain?
2. Why do red blood cells lack nuclei?
3. Are blood vessels found only in the periosteum?

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How do bones heal?

• _____ must continue and the __________ must
  remain intact
• Why ?
• Then __________

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OssificationAKA Bone Development

• When _______ is replaced by ________
• Do all bones go through ossification?

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How Bones Develop

• _________ develop and release minerals between
  ________ cells.
• This results in _________

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Bone Elongation (Growth)

• Begins near the _______ of long bones
• This area is called the __________
• How do bones elongate?

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Bone Remodeling

• When osteoclasts _______ old bone so ________ can
  replace it with new ________
• Occurs ________

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Wolffs Law

• States that bones due to _______ __________
• E.x.

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Sex Determination The Skull

• The Skull
• 2ND most useful in ________ ______
• Affected by ________

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The Male Skull
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Male Skull

• Size
• Nuchal Area
• Chin
• Browridges
• Forehead
• Mandible
• Mastoid Process
• Inion Hook

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Nuchal Area
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The Female Skull
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Female Skull

• Size
• Nuchal Area
• Chin
• Browridges
• Forehead
• Mandible
• Mastoid Process
• Inion Hook

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Identify the Skull
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Male vs Female Forehead
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Male vs Female Chin
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Summary Questions

1. Why are haversian canals essential to bone
   growth?
2. What is the difference between Wolffs Law and
   Bone Remodeling?
3. Determine the sex of a skull with small
   browridges, a large mandible and an inion hook.

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Sex Determination The Pelvis

• Why use the pelvis?
• Features used the _____ and _______

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Pelvic BoneMale vs Female
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Male Pelvis

• Size
• Pubic Shape
• Sub-pubic Angle
• Shape of Sacrum
• Pelvic Inlet

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Female Pelvis

• Size
• Pubic Shape
• Sub-pubic Angle
• Shape of Sacrum
• Pelvic Inlet

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Determine the Sex of each Pelvis
A B
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Summary Questions

1. Why does the sacrum in females need to be shorter
   and wider than the sacrum of males?
2. Determine the sex of a pelvis with a heart shaped
   pelvic inlet, and a V-shaped sub-pubic angle.

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Skull Chart
Trait Male Female
Size
Nuchal Area
Inion Hook
Chin
Browridges
Forehead
Mandible
Mastoid Process
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The Skull and Ethnicity
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Determine the Ethnicity
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Determine the Ethnicity
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Determine the Ethnicity
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Determine Sex and Ethnicity
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Example 1

• Determine the ethnicity of a skull with an
  indented cranium and a wide nasal opening

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Example 2

• Determine the ethnicity of a skull with a W
  shaped chin, a wide ramus and shovel shaped
  incisors

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Example 3

• Determine the sex and ethnicity of a skull with
  large browridges, an inion hook, a metopic traceS
  and a W shaped chin

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Joints

• Place where ______ bones ______
• Held together by ___________
• Types
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.

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Identify the type of joint
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Identify the type of joint
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Joints of the Human Body
Type of Joint Description of Movement Examples in the Human Body
Fixed
Semimovable
Movable Hinge- Ball and Socket- Pivot- Saddle- Gliding- Hinge- Ball and Socket- Pivot- Saddle- Gliding-
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Types of Movable Joints
Type of Movable Joint Function Example
Hinge Joint
Ball and Socket Joint
Pivot Joint
Gliding Joint
Saddle Joint
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Joint Structure

• Ligaments- connect ________ to bones
• Tendons- connect _______ to bone