Darfur Genocide

1
Darfur Genocide

• Cultural Differences
• Janjaweed
• National Islamic Front
• Chinas Role
• U.N Involvement
• Multinational Companies
• September Laws
• National Geographic

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Sudan
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Some Information

• The Darfur region of western Sudan borders the
  Central African Republic, Libya and Chad covering
  an area of approximately 493 000 square
  kilometers
• The region is divided into 3 federal states West
  Darfur, South Darfur and North Darfur
• Population is between 6 and 7 million people

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Situation

• One of the worlds largest concentrations of
  human suffering
• Thousands of people have been killed since 2003
• Over 4.5 million people in Darfur and eastern
  Chad now rely on humanitarian aid
• 2.7 million people have been internally displaced

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Sudan

• Cultural Differences

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Darfur Tribes

• 36 main tribes in Darfur
• Arab or non-Arab tribes
• 3 largest non-Arab tribes are the Fur, Zaghawa
  and Massaleit (3 most directly targeted tribes in
  genocide)

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Tribes of Sudan
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1899-1956

• 1899 established Anglo-Egyptian
• There have always been many cultural differences
  between the North and the South of Sudan.
• 1924-1956 was ruled as two separate territories
  (North and South)
• Two regions developed unique cultural and
  religious characteristics

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North (Islamic) 75-80 population
South (Christian) 5 population
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The North

• Ruled by Egypt
• Practices Islamic faith

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The South

• Ruled by the British
• British wanted to reduce influence of Islam and
  encourage Christian missionaries to work and
  promote the English language

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September Laws

• The September Laws were created by the Nimeiri
  Government, 1983
• Transformed Sudan into an Islamic state, forcing
  Islamic faith on the population, and subjecting
  even non-Muslims to harsh penalties

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Jaafar Nimeiri, ex-president of Sudan. Nimeiri
brought Islamic law to Sudan during his rule.
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Islam ( North ) Christianity ( South )
Do not believe in the Trinity  Christians believe in the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit)
Jesus is a Prophet and a servant of God. Muhammad is also a Prophet and a servant of God. He was the last Prophet sent by God to guide and teach mankind. As a member of the Trinity, Jesus is viewed as God Himself.
The Quranic teachings in this regard may be summed up as follows (1) Christ was neither  crucified nor killed by the Jews, notwithstanding certain apparent circumstances which produced that illusion in the minds of some of the enemies and (2) Jesus was taken up to God (i.e.. God raised him up (raf'a) to Himself.) Qur'an 4157, 158 355 4157 Christians believe that Jesus was crucified on a cross.
Hell is a place of purification, and is permanent. Paradise is a reward, Paradise will be eternal. Once meriting it, there can be no question of being ejected from it. Hell is eternal, but Purgatory is not They believe it is a place or state of punishment wherein the souls of those who die in God's grace may do penance for past sins and hence become cleansed and fit for heaven. Only Christians can go to heaven.
Chart from http//muslim-canada.org/islam_christi
anity.html
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Islam ( North ) Christianity ( South )
All mankind is born pure and he/she is responsible for his or her own sins and not someone else's. Christians believe in Original Sin, (all of mankind is held responsible for the sins of Adam and Eve) which only the sacrament of baptism in the name of Christ can expiate.
Muslims do not believe in vicarious atonement. They believe that each person is responsible for his or her own actions and that no-one else can atone for them. Christians believe in vicarious atonement -- that another person can extinguish the guilt incurred by another person's sins
The Qur'an exists today exactly the same as it was revealed to Muhammad A council was called, in the early days of Christianity, where the church fathers and elders debated. This council codified (systematized) standard Christian belief and gave the New Testament its present form,
For Muslims, Prophets are spiritually advanced and are very pure and sinless. They have been sent by God to guide and teach mankind. In the Old Testament (Jewish scriptures which most Christians regard as authoritative), Prophets are not portrayed as being infallible to say the least.
There are many differences between the Quranic and the Biblical versions in the details of certain Biblical stories. There are many differences between the Quranic and the Biblical versions in the details of certain Biblical stories.
The first source of Muslim Law, is the Qur'an. The source of Christian (or Canon) Law is the scripture,
Chart from http//muslim-canada.org/islam_christi
anity.html
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VS.

• The differences between the Muslim and Christian
  populations have caused many civil wars and
  political, religious, and cultural disputes
• Unfortunately these issues have yet to be solved,
  and the northern and southern Sudanese continue
  to live in discord

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The Janjaweed
"a man with a gun on a horse"
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WHo are the Janjaweed ?

• means a man with a gun on a horse, in Arabic
• Started to be more aggressive in 2003
• Are a loose roving band of armed fighters worked
  as a freelance tribal militia for 10 years
  before assuming the role of counterinsurgent
  used by the government of Sudan to combat
  rebels.
• Began pillaging towns and villages inhabited by
  members from which rebel armies draw strength-the
  Zaghawa, Masalit, and Fur tribes.

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Janjaweed's Connection to the government

• Rather well- equiped fighting forces that enjoy
  the overt assistance of the Sudanese Government
• June 2004, Sudanese army was openly recruiting
  horse-owning Arab men, promising them a gun and a
  monthly salary of 116 in exchange for joining a
  Janjaweed cohort.
• Money that gets paid to the Janjaweed comes
  directly from booty captured in raids on
  villages, giving them an additional incentive to
  act with extreme brutality
• Janjaweed commanders are using racism as a
  rallying point, encouraging their charges to rape
  the dark-skinned villagers they encounter during
  their raids

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Connections countined

• Janjaweed commanders are living in government
  garrison towers
• Janjaweed militiamen wear combat fatigues
  identical to those of the regular army
• Sudanese Government has strongly denied offering
  any support to the Janjaweed
• Sudanese Government denies any relationship with
  the Janjaweed and says that it is seeking to
  disarm both the Janjaweed and the Darfur Rebels

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Khidir Haroun Ahmed

• "The government armed the people who volunteered
  to fight against the rebels, the armed groups.
  And, these people were not Janjaweed," Sudanese
  Ambassador to the United States Khidir Haroun
  Ahmed told the Online News Hour in September
  2005. "The government has no hesitation at all in
  disarming the Janjaweed. The problem is the other
  nomad tribes. These people and the lack of law
  enforcement in the region, they will not disarm
  themselves unless you disarm the rebels groups."

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National Islamic Front

• A Brief Introduction

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Basics

• An Islamic political organisation created and led
  by Dr. Hassan Al-Turabi in 1985.
• Created in the 1960s, it was originally known as
  the Islamic Charter Front.
• It was later known as the Muslim Brotherhood. The
  name came from the Muslim Brotherhood from Egypt,
  who had been active in Sudan since 1949. Their
  objective in Sudan was to bring in Islamic law
  (Sharia)

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Sharia

• Code of law for Muslims
• Based on revelation of Mohammed and what is
  written in the Quran
• Believed to be Gods law
• Deals with secular, political and economical law
• 5 countries use it Nationally

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Basics (Contd)

• In the mid-1960s, they overthrew the Communist
  party that was ruling Sudan
• After Nimeiri was overthrown, Al-Turabi set up
  the NIF, which then was dominated by the former
  members of the Muslim Brotherhood

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Basics (Contd)

• Heavily influences the Sudanese government, ever
  since 1979 and dominated since 1989
• While it is still technically a political
  organization, the NIF greatly expresses
  ruthlessness and rampant violence. They do this
  by arming and training loyalist militias such as
  the Janjaweed

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Al-Turabi Interview

• Short Interview with Al-Turabi discussing his
  views on Darfur.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vgdWfKSrJ42ofeatur
  efvw

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China's Role in Darfur
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Trade to Sudan

• China is Sudans biggest trade partner.
• Sudan imports low cost items as well as armaments
  from China.
• China sells military transportation to Sudan in
  violation of the 2006 arms embargo.

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Oil

• China imports oil from Sudan.
• In 1999 the value of Chinas oil trade with
  Africa was 2 billion.
• China has a 40 share in Sudans oil.

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Chinas Military Presence

• China has trained fighter pilots for the Sudanese
  military.
• China has supplied arms and ammunition for the
  military in Sudan.
• Chinese-made Fantan fighters that have been sold
  to Sudan have been photographed in Nyala, Sudan

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Chinas Support of the Darfurian Killings

• Human rights organizations have criticized China
  for its supportive relationship with the Sudanese
  government, which is committing mass killings in
  Darfur.
• China has threatened to veto UN Security Council
  actions to combat the Darfur crisis.

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Darfur GenocideU.N. Involvement
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Background

• Fighting broke out between Sudan government
  forces, allied Janjaweed militia, and armed rebel
  forces in 2003.
• 200,000 people have been killed and 2 million
  people displaced since then.
• This fighting was a part of the Sudanese
  governments attempt to get rid of non-Islamic
  groups in Sudan.

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Recognition as Genocide

• In 2004 the US secretary of state declared the
  incident in Darfur as a genocide.
• No other permanent member of the U.N. Security
  Council has done the same.
• In 2005 an International Commission of Inquiry on
  Darfur stated that the government had not pursued
  a policy of genocide but had committed war crimes
  and crimes against humanity.

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U.N. Actions

• In May 2004, after two U.N. missions found
  massive human rights violations and humanitarian
  need, the president of the Security Council
  called on the government of Sudan to disarm the
  Janjaweed militia.

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Resolution 1556

• This resolution was passed by the U.N. in July of
  2004.
• It demanded that the government disarm the
  Janjaweed and bring their leaders tio justice,
  threatening sanctions if they failed to comply.
• It also endorsed the deployment of African Union
  troops to monitor ceasefire talks going on at the
  time and banned the sale of firearms to
  non-government officials and those who support
  the Janjaweed.
• By the time this was passed the situation has
  worsened.

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Problems

• Stronger measures were recommended but could not
  be carried out.
• China and Russia threatened to veto sanctions or
  direct U.N. intervention.
• China owns 40 of Sudans main oil producing
  field.
• Russia is thought to be the Sudanese governments
  main arms supplier.

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What Is Being Done

• The U.N. is currently operating the largest aid
  effort in the world in Darfur and refugee camps
  in neighboring Chad and the Central African
  Republic.
• In 2006 a joint U.N.-African Union mission in
  Darfur, called UNAMID, began. It is a three phase
  plan to bring peace to the region.

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Multi- National
Companies
of Sudan
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In this presentation we are going to educate you
on the different multinational companies that are
located in Sudan. Some companies which had major
effects on the Darfur genocide, others who had
negative effects in Darfur and some who just in
general work in the area.
You will also see that there are NO U.S based
companies located and/or doing business in Sudan.
Nevertheless, the State of Iowa does hold limited
investments with international corporations that
do business in the country. Twisted huh?
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Oil Companies...
One of the major multinational companies that
held a negative effect on Darfur was oil
companies. Oil companies would make oil
extraction easy and profitable in Sudan, funding
the Sudanese Government. The biggest oil company
fueling violence and producing in Sudan is CNPC.
They are the biggest player in Sudan's oilfield
bring Sudan's oil revenue up by 291 bringing in
4.7 billion. Sudan's finance minister has said
that at least 70 of the oil profits go to the
Sudanese Armed Forces.
This is negative because the Sudanese Armed
Forces are linked with its militia allies to the
crimes in Darfur.
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Most companies have withdrawn and fled from Sudan
because of its worsening political instability.
Companies such as ABB LTD. Previously
ATT. Bharat Heavy Electrical
These companies do not agree with the decisions
that have been made by the government in Sudan
and dont want anthing to do with the awful
events taking place in Darfur. Most of these
companies are US based.
The US government has even paid certain companies
to close there business in Sudan and leave.
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There are also mutual companies located in Sudan
who ignore the violence, dont take part or
support the violence and just mind their own
business. They continue to produce product and
make money with out supporting the Sudanese
Government.
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The September Laws.
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What were the September Laws?

• They were laws put in effect by Military dictator
  Jafar Mohammed-Al Numeri from 1983-1985.
• They were part of his Islamization campaign to
  sustain his political standing and to justify
  authoritarian rule.
• His intention was to transform Sudan into a
  Muslim-Arab state, he divided the south into
  three regions and instituted Sharia law.

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• Sharia Law is used to refer both to the Islamic
  law and the Islamic way of life.
• It is the dominant Law in Sudan, and was used to
  legitimize the September Laws.
• It is described as being "... a religious code
  for living, in the same way that the Bible offers
  a moral system for Christians. 
• Literally translated it means the path to the
  watering hole

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Southern Sudan.

• The separation of southern Sudan was
  controversial even in the Northern Muslim
  community
• To insure the law was applied more broadly, and
  for it to not be questioned, president Numeri
  declared a state of emergency on April 26th 1984
• The separation pitted the separate regions
  against each other, killing many and clearing
  Sudan of its none Muslim community without blame
  landing directly back onto the government.

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The colonisation of Sudan

• Before Jafar- Al Numeri was put into power, to
  be able to implement the September laws,
  colinization was taking place in the country of
  Sudan
• Britain ran Sudan as a colony, they administered
  the northern and southern provinces separately.
• The South was held to be more similar to East
  African Colonies, while Northern Sudan was more
  similar to Arabic speaking Egypt.
• Northerners were prevented from holding positions
  of power in the South and trade was discouraged
  between two areas.

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• However in 1946, the British gave in to Northern
  Pressure to Integrate the two areas.
• Arabic was made the language of administration in
  the South, and Northerners began to hold
  positions there. The Southern Elite trained in
  English and resented the change as they were kept
  out of their own government.
• After Decolonization power was given to the
  Northern Elites, based in Khartoum, causing
  unrest in the south.

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What is Islamic Law?
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Islamic Law

• The Islamic Law, known as the Sharia, is the
  sacred law of Islam. The Sharia is like a
  guideline to life, basing laws on Muslim
  principles of jurisprudence. It addresses crime,
  politics, and economics and as well as personal
  issues like hygiene, sexuality and diet. Its
  followed by well over one billion people.

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Using Islamic law as their main body of law
blurred the lines between state and secular in
Sudan
While the majority of Northern Sudan was Muslim,
the majority of Southern Sudan was either
Christian or believed in the local religion
There was obvious tension between the north and
the south in Sudan during this time, which
sparked a civil war.
The government at the time was Islamic, so the
NCP (National Congress Party) issued armies to go
out and destroy potential rebel groups that could
be a threat to the government.
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National Geographic
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African refugee life

• Since fighting broke out between rebel groups and
  government-backed militias in the Darfur region
  of western Sudan in 2003, an estimated 200,000
  people have been killed or have died of
  starvation or disease. Atrocities attributed to
  the militias, known as the Janjaweed, include the
  burning and looting of villages, and large-scale
  killings, torture, and rape. The violence has
  forced more than 2.2 million people to flee their
  homes.

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Darfur Death Toll Is Hundreds of Thousands Higher
Than Reported

• United States government death toll estimates for
  the war-torn Darfur region of Sudan in Africa
  underestimate the count by hundreds of thousands
  of lost lives. Hagan and co-author Alberto
  Palloni of the University of Wisconsin, Madison,
  estimate that the conflict has caused anywhere
  from 170,000 to 255,000 deaths, and they say the
  number could be much higher. "Analysis of factors
  confounding previous estimates leads to the
  conclusion that hundreds of thousand of people
  have died as a result of the conflict in Darfur,"

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Geographic Reporter on Imprisonment, War's Future

• Well, for the first 10 or 11 days of my
  assignmentI was just beginning a long journey
  across the Sahel, across five countriesI spent
  much of my time in refugee camps on the Chad side
  of the border. And these camps contained tens
  of thousands of peoplethey're teeming. There are
  canvas tents bolstered by pieces of scrap wood,
  driftwood, whatever people can scrounge together
  to create shelter, very densely packed together.
  Once you go into the war zone proper, there's an
  added layer of danger. Of course, you're in an
  area where there are many armed factions floating
  around. Often you don't even know who they are.

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Slim Promise of Peace?

• Desertification and competition for natural
  resources are among the underlying causes of the
  recent Darfur conflict. More than 200,000 people
  have been killed and 2.5 million others chased
  from their homes during the four-year strife.

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Describe the daily routine of a woman living in
one of the camps.

• What you have to know is that 80 percent of the
  refugees are women and children. So the women are
  really holding the family structure together. A
  lot of the husbands have been killed or belong to
  the rebel groups, or they're taking care of the
  cattle. It's a daily struggle for survival.
  People live in makeshift shelters, very close to
  each other, so they don't have space. So women
  would go and collect wood, and that takes
  sometimes the whole day, because they walk two to
  three hours to the bush and then two or three
  hours to come back. And then they would try to
  sell the wood in the city or in the camp to try
  to have some additional income for their
  families. For women not in an official camp, they
  also have to go and collect the water. They carry
  jerricans containers that hold about 5 gallons,
  or 19 liters, of liquid. ... And they do that
  several times a day. The work there is survival.

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Videos

• Chinas Role In the Darfur http//www.youtube.com/
  watch?vuL9r5DYK54s
• National Islamic Front - Short Interview with
  Al-Turabi discussing his views on Darfur.
  http//www.youtube.com/watch?vgdWfKSrJ42ofeature
  fvw
• Multinational Companies of Sudan
  http//www.youtube.com/watch?vuL9r5DYK54s
• September Laws http//www.youtube.com/watch?vsuQA
  k5TtEWc