Rocks, Minerals and Soil

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Rocks, Minerals and Soil

• Third Grade
• Earth Science

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Rocks
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What are rocks?

• Rocks are solid materials that are made of one or
  more minerals.

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3 Types of rocks

1. Sedimentary
2. Igneous
3. Metamorphic

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Metamorphic Rock

• Metamorphic rock is rocks that have been changed
  by heat and pressure.

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Metamorphic Rocks

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Sedimentary Rock

• Sedimentary rocks form when materials settle into
  layers and harden.
• Any rock can become sedimentary if at the surface.

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Igneous Rock

• Igneous rock is a rock that was once melted but
  has cooled and hardened.
• Hot lava comes out from within the earth and is
  an igneous rock once cooled.

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4 ways to identify rocks

• Texture
• Color
• Size
• Hardness

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EXPERIMENT TIME!!!

• You are all now junior geologist. A geologist is
  someone who studies the Earth. We will test the
  hardness of rocks using Mohs scale.

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Mohs Hardness Scale

• With your group, test the hardness of rocks and
  give it a score of 1 to 10.
• Soft scratches with fingernail 1 or 2
• Medium/Soft scratches with a penny 3 or 4
• Medium/Hard scratches with a nail 5 or 6
• Hard will not scratch 7 or 8

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Mohs Scale

• Working as a group, make a bar graph with your
  group rating your rocks from softest to hardest.
  Be sure your graph is labeled and colorful.

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Classify rocks

• As a group, discuss classifications of your
  rocks. Remember the 4 ways to classify rocks.
• Color
• Size
• Texture
• Hardness

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Minerals
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What are minerals?

• Minerals are solid natural made objects that have
  never been alive. Minerals can be rock-like or
  metals.

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How are rocks and minerals different?

• Rocks are made up of minerals. Minerals are
  within all rocks. The minerals in rocks are what
  makes rocks look different from other rocks.

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Rocks and Mineral
Minerals Rocks
Usually very pretty Not pretty
Has a shape No shape
May contain crystals No crystals
Will not contain fossils May contain fossils
Color is mostly the same May have many colors
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Identify the Minerals

• Time to Play a Game. How many minerals can you
  find in the kitchen? (click on refrigerator)

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Soil
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Types of Soil

• Clay
• Sandy soil
• Potting soil
• Loam

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Clay

• Clay is smooth when dry and sticky when wet.
  Soils high in clay content are called heavy
  soils. Clay also can hold a lot of nutrients, but
  doesn't let air and water through it well.

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Sandy Soil

• When you rub sand, it feels rough. This is
  because it has sharp edges. Sand doesn't hold
  many nutrients.

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Loam

• Loam is a mixture of different types of soils.
  Loam soils feel smooth and spongy when rolled
  into a ball.

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Potting Soil

• Potting soil is soil mixture made for use in
  gardens and potted plants. Potting soil should be
  loose and light.

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Fossils
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What are fossils?

• A fossil is a mark or the remains of something
  that was once living.

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4 Types of Fossils

1. Mold
2. Cast
3. Trace
4. True-form

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Mold Fossil

• A mold fossil is a impression made in a
  substance. It is not the actual living organism
  but a impression.
• The picture is a mold fossil of a leaf.

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Cast Fossil

• A cast fossil is formed when a mold fossil is
  filled in. The fossil can be of anything that
  once lived (plants, animals, insects).

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Trace Fossil

• Trace fossils are impressions like mold fossils
  but are not the actual living organism- just
  evidence of them.
• Examples nests, burrows, and footprints.

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True-Form Fossils

• True form fossils are the actual once living
  animal or organism.
• Example Animal bones